Normal and Abnormal Menstruation

10.2310/fm.1216 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Janet E. Hall

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Relative Frequency ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Precise Integration ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Primary And Secondary Amenorrhea ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding ◽

The Relationship

Normal reproductive function requires precise integration of hormonal events involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the ovary, with the uterus, vagina, and breast acting as key end organs for ovarian steroid effects. This chapter discusses the physiology of the reproductive system in women; the assessment of reproductive function; and the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of primary and secondary amenorrhea, abnormal vaginal bleeding—including menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, and hypomenorrhea—and dysmenorrhea. Figures illustrate the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries in reproductive function and normal menstrual cycle function; an algorithm depicts the evaluation of amenorrhea. Tables list the relative frequency of the causes of amenorrhea and the neuroanatomic causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This chapter has 42 references.

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SOME OBSERVATIONS ON PREGNANEDIOL EXCRETION DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.024s207 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 24 (3_Suppl) ◽

pp. S207

Author(s):

A. Klopper

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Corpus Luteum ◽

New Method ◽

Menstrual Bleeding ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

The Relationship ◽

New View

Abstract The changes in view on the significance and amount of urinary pregnanediol in the menstrual cycle are reviewed; in particular the effects of the discovery that the adrenals in both sexes normally contribute to the urinary pregnanediol. Pregnanediol excretion during the menstrual cycle was studied by means of a new method of assay (Klopper et al., 1955) and the results applied to present day concepts of the growth and duration of the corpus luteum. The relationship between pregnanediol excretion and ovulation or the onset of menstrual bleeding was studied. A new view is put forward on the influence of age and parity on the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum.

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Vaginal Bleeding

Pediatric Care Online ◽

10.1542/aap.ppcqr.396121 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽

Uterine Bleeding ◽

Common Cause ◽

Key Points ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle

Key Points Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to bleeding that is excessive or occurs outside normal cyclic menstruationAnovulatory uterine bleeding is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding adolescents within 1–2 years of menarche.It is important to exclude pregnancy and infections prior to initiating treatment for anovulatory bleedingGoals of management for abnormal uterine bleeding include return to pattern of normal menstrual cycle and prevention of anemia.

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The causes and management of endometrial breakthrough bleeding

Reproductive Medicine Review ◽

10.1017/s0962279901000254 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 153-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M Hickey ◽

IS Fraser

Keyword(s):

Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Sex Steroids ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Vascular Development ◽

Sex Steroid ◽

Breakthrough Bleeding ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle

The term breakthrough bleeding (BTB) is rather poorly defined, but essentially describes the symptom of vaginal bleeding occurring with scheduled periods of withdrawal bleeding, in the absence of pelvic pathology in women taking exogenous sex steroids, usually contraceptives or hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). It may also describe occasional bleeding in those who are predominantly experiencing amenorrhoea due to these preparations. Rather confusingly, the term is sometimes used to describe intermenstrual bleeding in women who are not taking sex steroids, when structural or other pathological causes are more likely. In the absence of such pathology intermenstrual bleeding in the normal menstrual cycle is relatively uncommon, suggesting that exogenous sex steroids can profoundly disrupt the tight regulation of endometrial vascular development, function and breakdown. Intermenstrual bleeding also occurs spontaneously in some women and it is possible that this phenomenon has similar mechanisms to that seen in sex-steroid-related breakthrough bleeding.

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Urodynamic studies in the normal menstrual cycle: The relationship between hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and the urethral pressure profile

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/0002-9378(81)90599-8 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 141 (4) ◽

pp. 384-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

J.M. Van Geelen ◽

W.H. Doesburg ◽

C.M.G. Thomas ◽

Chester B. Martin

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Pressure Profile ◽

Urethral Pressure ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Urethral Pressure Profile ◽

Urodynamic Studies ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

The Relationship

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SUPPRESSION OF CONCENTRATION OF ENDOMETRIAL PROSTAGLANDIN IN EARLY INTRA-UTERINE AND ECTOPIC PREGNANCY IN WOMEN

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0850379 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 379-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

MARGARET H. ABEL ◽

S. K. SMITH ◽

D. T. BAIRD

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Contraceptive Device ◽

Intact Group ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Prostaglandin F ◽

Ectopic Pregnancies ◽

Secretory Endometrium

Concentrations of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured in endometrium from 18 women with ectopic pregnancies. In the nine pregnancies not associated with vaginal bleeding or an intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD; intact ectopics), concentrations of PGF2α (12·8 ± 7·4 (s.e.m.) ng/g) and PGE (4·7 ± 3·0 ng/g) were similar to those in decidua from nine intra-uterine pregnancies of comparable gestational age (14·4 ± 4·4 and 8·2 ± 2·2 ng/g respectively). In both ectopic and intra-uterine pregnancies concentrations of prostaglandins were significantly lower than those found in endometrium throughout the normal menstrual cycle (P < 0·01). In nine ectopic pregnancies with associated vaginal bleeding and/or an IUCD, concentrations of PGF2α and PGE were significantly higher than in the intact group (P < 0·05), although the concentration of PGF2α remained significantly lower than levels in normal secretory endometrium (P < 0·05). These results suggested that suppression of endometrial synthesis of prostaglandin during early pregnancy may be mediated systemically rather than through a local action of the conceptus.

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STUDIES ON THE PATTERN OF CIRCULATING STEROIDS IN THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0810133 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 133-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

R. Guerrero ◽

T. Aso ◽

P. F. Brenner ◽

Z. Cekan ◽

B.-M. Landgren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

The Other ◽

Plasma Progesterone ◽

Proliferative Phase ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Menstruating Women ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACT In an attempt to analyze the multiple changes and interactions in circulating steroid levels in the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual periods, the plasma levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone were assayed daily during a complete cycle in 17 normally menstruating women. In 14 of the 17 subjects studied androstenedione and unconjugated dihydrotestosterone were also estimated. The day of the LH-peak and the first day of menstruation, respectively, were used to synchronize the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual plasma levels of the various steroids. With the exception of dehydroepiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone, the plasma levels of all steroids exhibited significant, but different changes during the cycle. Testosterone levels showed a slight but significant increase around the LH-peak, whereas the levels of pregnenolone and androstenedione were higher in the post-ovulatory than in the pre-ovulatory periods. The levels of oestradiol and oestrone, as well as the ratios of oestradiol to oestrone gradually increased from the low values observed in the early proliferative phase to pre-ovulatory peak values. The relationship between peaks of oestradiol and oestrone and that of LH exhibited great individual variation. The same was true for the individual oestradiol to oestrone ratios. The combination of several steroidal signals did not improve the predictive value of the analyses. However, an increase of individual progesterone values by at least 0.35 ng/ml from the day preceding the LH-peak to the day of the LH-peak was observed in 13 of the 17 subjects. It is suggested that for the early detection of the LH surge and prediction of the subsequent ovulation daily assays of plasma progesterone are of more value than the assay of the other steroids investigated.

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TO FIND OUT THE VARIATION OF SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC TESTS BETWEEN MALE & MENSTRUAL PHASE OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN FEMALE.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i11.747 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Hitesh Kumar Solanki ◽

Dr. Omnath P Yadav ◽

Dr. Anita J Gojiya

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Regulatory Systems ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Hormonal Fluctuations ◽

The Mean ◽

Parasympathetic Function ◽

The Relationship ◽

Sympathetic Discharge ◽

Healthy Females

The hormonal fluctuations that occur during normal menstrual cycle has profound influence on autonomic functions. This influence on autonomic nervous system may affect cardiovagal control. The aim of the study is to find out the variation of Parasympathetic function tests during different phases of menstrual cycle in young healthy females. The mean E:I ratio in Menstrual Phase of menstrual cycle in females is 1.34 ± 0.06. The mean E:I ratio in males is 1.41 ± 0.12. The mean Postural SBP in Menstrual Phase of menstrual cycle in females is 97.76 ± 5.13 mmHg. The mean Postural SBP in males is 103.24 ± 6.88 mmHg. The study concludes that there was statistically significant heart rate variability during three phases of the menstrual cycle, as observed by the increased sympathetic discharge in the luteal phase compared to the increased parasympathetic discharge in the follicular phase. The results of our study have emphasized the complexity of the relationship between ovarian steroids and various hemodynamic regulatory systems. Keywords: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic & Menstrual.

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EXCRETION OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE DURING LACTATION

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0570529 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 529-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Paul J. Keller

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽

Menstrual Bleeding ◽

Unknown Mechanism ◽

Nursing Mother ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Biological Methods ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pooled Samples

ABSTRACT The excretion of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone (FSH, LH) during lactation in women was studied by biological methods in individual and pooled samples of urine. During the first and second postpartum weeks, the FSH activity was low and the LH activity quite high, probably due to contamination with remaining chorionic gonadotrophin. Thereafter the FSH and LH values and the relationship between these hormones did not differ from those found during the normal menstrual cycle. Moreover, an increase in the LH excretion was observed in one nursing mother, though ovulation and menstrual bleeding did not follow. It was concluded, that anovulation and amenorrhoea during lactation might be due to ovarian refractoriness by an unknown mechanism, rather than to gonadotrophic dysfunction.

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