SUPPRESSION OF CONCENTRATION OF ENDOMETRIAL PROSTAGLANDIN IN EARLY INTRA-UTERINE AND ECTOPIC PREGNANCY IN WOMEN

Concentrations of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured in endometrium from 18 women with ectopic pregnancies. In the nine pregnancies not associated with vaginal bleeding or an intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD; intact ectopics), concentrations of PGF2α (12·8 ± 7·4 (s.e.m.) ng/g) and PGE (4·7 ± 3·0 ng/g) were similar to those in decidua from nine intra-uterine pregnancies of comparable gestational age (14·4 ± 4·4 and 8·2 ± 2·2 ng/g respectively). In both ectopic and intra-uterine pregnancies concentrations of prostaglandins were significantly lower than those found in endometrium throughout the normal menstrual cycle (P < 0·01). In nine ectopic pregnancies with associated vaginal bleeding and/or an IUCD, concentrations of PGF2α and PGE were significantly higher than in the intact group (P < 0·05), although the concentration of PGF2α remained significantly lower than levels in normal secretory endometrium (P < 0·05). These results suggested that suppression of endometrial synthesis of prostaglandin during early pregnancy may be mediated systemically rather than through a local action of the conceptus.

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Vaginal Bleeding

Pediatric Care Online ◽

10.1542/aap.ppcqr.396121 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽

Uterine Bleeding ◽

Common Cause ◽

Key Points ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle

Key Points Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to bleeding that is excessive or occurs outside normal cyclic menstruationAnovulatory uterine bleeding is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding adolescents within 1–2 years of menarche.It is important to exclude pregnancy and infections prior to initiating treatment for anovulatory bleedingGoals of management for abnormal uterine bleeding include return to pattern of normal menstrual cycle and prevention of anemia.

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OVULATION INHIBITION WITH HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0780332 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 332-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

F. Friedrich ◽

P. Kemeter ◽

H. Salzer ◽

G. Breitenecker

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽

Basal Body Temperature ◽

Menstrual Cycles ◽

Ovulation Inhibition ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Theca Interna ◽

Secretory Endometrium

ABSTRACT Eight women with regular menstrual cycles were treated daily during 9 cycles with HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) 3000 or 5000 IU daily for a period of 4–7 days. This treatment was started between the 1st and the 6th day after the onset of menstruation. Control of the treatment cycles was performed by basal body temperature, pregnanediol serial estimations, endometrial biopsies and in addition in 5 treatment cycles by radio-immunological assay of oestradiol-17β (Oe2), progesterone, LH and FSH from the serum at intervals of 1 to 3 days. In 6 of these cycles where treatment started on the 4th day or later, ovulation was inhibited (2 cycles) or postponed (4 cycles) to the 24th–46th day. In these 6 treatment cycles the progesterone and pregnanediol increase during HCG treatment was poor or absent. The typical Oe2 increase of the normal menstrual cycle was impaired. In the 3 remaining cycles where treatment was started on the 1st, 2nd and 4th day, we observed during HCG treatment increases in Oe2 and progesterone serum values similar to that found during corpus luteum activity, and menstruation from a secretory endometrium between the 13th–19th day of the cycle. The histologically examined ovaries of one woman who was treated with HCG from the 2nd to the 6th day of the cycle showed distinct Iuteinization of the theca interna of all tertiary follicles and a beginning degeneration of the granulosa. These findings give support to the hypothesis that the luteinization of the theca interna leads to degeneration of the tertiary follicles thereby causing ovulation inhibition or postponement of ovulation.

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The causes and management of endometrial breakthrough bleeding

Reproductive Medicine Review ◽

10.1017/s0962279901000254 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 153-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M Hickey ◽

IS Fraser

Keyword(s):

Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Sex Steroids ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Vascular Development ◽

Sex Steroid ◽

Breakthrough Bleeding ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle

The term breakthrough bleeding (BTB) is rather poorly defined, but essentially describes the symptom of vaginal bleeding occurring with scheduled periods of withdrawal bleeding, in the absence of pelvic pathology in women taking exogenous sex steroids, usually contraceptives or hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). It may also describe occasional bleeding in those who are predominantly experiencing amenorrhoea due to these preparations. Rather confusingly, the term is sometimes used to describe intermenstrual bleeding in women who are not taking sex steroids, when structural or other pathological causes are more likely. In the absence of such pathology intermenstrual bleeding in the normal menstrual cycle is relatively uncommon, suggesting that exogenous sex steroids can profoundly disrupt the tight regulation of endometrial vascular development, function and breakdown. Intermenstrual bleeding also occurs spontaneously in some women and it is possible that this phenomenon has similar mechanisms to that seen in sex-steroid-related breakthrough bleeding.

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Changes in expression of prostaglandin synthase in ovine liver during early pregnancy

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2019-0171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 432-439

Author(s):

Ling Yang ◽

Xu Han ◽

Leying Zhang ◽

Ning Li ◽

Zimo Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Pregnancy ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Prostaglandin Synthase ◽

Prostaglandin F ◽

Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Portal Veins ◽

Hepatic Portal ◽

Adaptive Immune Systems

Liver can function as part of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We hypothesize that prostaglandins participate in the regulation of hepatic immune function during early pregnancy in sheep. The objective of this study was to elucidate expression of prostaglandin synthase in ovine liver during early pregnancy. Ovine livers were sampled on day 16 of the estrous cycle, and days 13, 16, and 25 of pregnancy, and the expression of prostaglandin synthases, including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1), PTGS2, prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES), and aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1, a prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS), were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. There were increases in the expression of mRNA and the proteins of PTGS2, PTGES, and PGFS in the livers during early pregnancy, but PTGS1 was decreased in the pregnant ewes. The PGFS protein was limited to the hepatocytes and the endothelial cells of the proper hepatic arteries and hepatic portal veins. In summary, the upregulation of PTGS2, PTGES, and PGFS and downregulation of PTGS1 may be involved in the maternal hepatic immune adjustment during early pregnancy in sheep.

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Normal and Abnormal Menstruation

10.2310/im.1216 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Janet E. Hall

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Relative Frequency ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Precise Integration ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Primary And Secondary Amenorrhea ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding ◽

The Relationship

Normal reproductive function requires precise integration of hormonal events involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the ovary, with the uterus, vagina, and breast acting as key end organs for ovarian steroid effects. This chapter discusses the physiology of the reproductive system in women; the assessment of reproductive function; and the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of primary and secondary amenorrhea, abnormal vaginal bleeding—including menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, and hypomenorrhea—and dysmenorrhea. Figures illustrate the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries in reproductive function and normal menstrual cycle function; an algorithm depicts the evaluation of amenorrhea. Tables list the relative frequency of the causes of amenorrhea and the neuroanatomic causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This chapter has 42 references.

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CU-375 (MULTILOAD)

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.02.5011 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 211-215

Author(s):

AISHA SIDDIQA ◽

KAUSAR MASOOM

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Inflammatory Disease ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Heavy Menstrual Bleeding ◽

Contraceptive Device ◽

The Mean ◽

Effective Contraceptive

Objectives: To study the complications associated with the use of multi-load CU375 and reasonsfor discontinuing its use. Design: Descriptive Study. Place and duration of study: From 10th January 2002 to 10thJanuary 2004. Private Clinic: Saleem Medical Complex Quetta. Patients & Methods: The study populationincluded 100 women aged 22 – 35 years requiring contraception in the form of multi-load CU 375. Patients and insome cases their husbands were counseled and selected according to a pre-set proforma. Results: Out of 100patients the mean age of the acceptors was 30 years and mean parity was 4. Insertion of the device was very easy,main complications were disturbed menstrual cycle, heavy menstrual bleeding experienced by 40%, inter-menstrualspotting by 8% and continuous vaginal bleeding by 3%, 2% of the patients had gestational ammenorrhea of 8 &12weeks. Vaginal discharge was complained of by 10%. There were two expulsions and 7 removals, reasons forremoval were metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, pain and spotting in most cases. There were no cases of perforation orectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: It was concluded that multi-load CU 375 is an effective contraceptive device withmenstrual irregularities and pelvic inflammatory disease being the main complications and principle causes forremoval of IUCD.

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Normal and Abnormal Menstruation

10.2310/fm.1216 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Janet E. Hall

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Relative Frequency ◽

Vaginal Bleeding ◽

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Precise Integration ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

Primary And Secondary Amenorrhea ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding ◽

The Relationship

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Molecular Cloning and Spatiotemporal Expression of Prostaglandin F Synthase and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 in Porcine Endometrium

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2005-0880 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 147 (1) ◽

pp. 210-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Agnieszka Waclawik ◽

Adolfo Rivero-Muller ◽

Agnieszka Blitek ◽

Monika M. Kaczmarek ◽

Leon J. S. Brokken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Estrous Cycle ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Prostaglandin E Synthase ◽

Spatiotemporal Expression ◽

Supportive Role ◽

Prostaglandin F ◽

High Degree

Endometrial prostaglandins (PGs) and the PGE2/PGF2α ratio play an important role in regulating the estrous cycle and establishment of pregnancy. The enzymes downstream of cyclooxygenase-2 may determine the PGE2/PGF2α ratio in the porcine uterus. Thus, we have cloned porcine PGF synthase (PGFS) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and characterized their expression in porcine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. PGFS and mPGES-1 amino acid sequences possessed a high degree (>67% and >77%, respectively) of identity with the other mammalian homologs. There was little modulation of mPGES-1 throughout the estrous cycle; however, PGFS expression was highly up-regulated in endometrium around the time of luteolysis. During early pregnancy, PGFS at the protein level showed a time-dependent increase (low on d 10–13, intermediate on d 14–23, and high on d 24–25). In pregnancy, expression of mPGES-1 was intermediate on d 10–11 and low on d 14–17 and then increased after d 22, reaching the maximum on d 24–25. Immunohistochemistry showed localization of PGFS and mPGES-1 proteins mainly in luminal and glandular epithelium. Concluding, the spatiotemporal expression of PGFS throughout the estrous cycle indicates an involvement of PGFS in regulating luteolysis in the pig. The comparison of endometrial PGFS and mPGES-1 expression on d 10–13 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy suggest a supportive role of these enzymes in determining the increase of uterine PGE2/PGF2α ratio during maternal recognition of pregnancy. Moreover, high expression of both PG synthases after initiation of implantation may indicate their significant role in placentation.

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Ghrelin Is Involved in the Decidualization of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2002-021024 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 2335-2340 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Keisuke Tanaka ◽

Hiroyuki Minoura ◽

Tetsuya Isobe ◽

Hitoshi Yonaha ◽

Hiroaki Kawato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽

First Trimester ◽

Extravillous Trophoblast ◽

Endometrial Stromal Cells ◽

Decidual Cells ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle

Successful implantation involves a complex interaction between the endometrium and the embryo. It is well known that several neuropeptides are expressed in the endometrium and placenta during embryonal implantation, suggesting an important role as chemical mediators of the feto-maternal relationship. Ghrelin has recently been identified as the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with many physiological functions, and its expression in the human placenta has been reported. To investigate the involvement of ghrelin in embryonal implantation, we assessed the spatio-temporal expression pattern of ghrelin and its receptor in the human endometrium and placenta through the normal menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. We also examined the effect of ghrelin on the decidualization of endometrial stromal cells (ESC). Weak expression of ghrelin mRNA was detected in the nonpregnant endometrium, and it was dramatically increased in the decidualized endometrium. A GH secretagogue receptor mRNA was detected in the endometrium throughout the normal menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy, but not in the first trimester placenta. Immunohistochemical analysis using an antighrelin antibody revealed strong signals in decidual cells and extravillous trophoblast cells. Coculture with first trimester placenta up-regulated ghrelin mRNA expression by primary cultured ESC, although sex steroids and 8-bromo-cAMP had no effect. In addition, ghrelin enhanced the decidualization of ESC induced by 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) in vitro. Thus, ghrelin is a novel paracrine/autocrine factor that is involved in cross-talk between the endometrium and embryo during embryonal implantation.

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SOME OBSERVATIONS ON PREGNANEDIOL EXCRETION DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.024s207 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 24 (3_Suppl) ◽

pp. S207

Author(s):

A. Klopper

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Corpus Luteum ◽

New Method ◽

Menstrual Bleeding ◽

Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽

The Relationship ◽

New View

Abstract The changes in view on the significance and amount of urinary pregnanediol in the menstrual cycle are reviewed; in particular the effects of the discovery that the adrenals in both sexes normally contribute to the urinary pregnanediol. Pregnanediol excretion during the menstrual cycle was studied by means of a new method of assay (Klopper et al., 1955) and the results applied to present day concepts of the growth and duration of the corpus luteum. The relationship between pregnanediol excretion and ovulation or the onset of menstrual bleeding was studied. A new view is put forward on the influence of age and parity on the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum.

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