Overview of Substance Use Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander W Thompson ◽  
Timothy Ando ◽  
Emily Morse
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Sedative Hypnotics ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes

Substance use disorders are a major source of morbidity and mortality, contributing to a significant proportion of deaths in the United States and worldwide each year. A substantial rise in deaths related to drug overdoses in recent decades has drawn increasing public attention to this issue. However, the majority of individuals struggling with substance use disorders remain untreated. The financial costs and health burden are substantial. This review provides a broad overview of substance-related and addictive disorders. The evolution of the classification system is described, and the diagnostic criteria for the various substance use disorders are reviewed. Epidemiology and etiologic considerations, including neurobiological pathways, genetics, environmental influences, and dimensional risk factors, are examined. Finally, individual substances and their related disorders are reviewed, including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedative/hypnotics, stimulants, tobacco, and other or unknown substances. Intoxication and withdrawal syndromes are described where applicable, and clinical management concepts are discussed.  This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 71 references. Key words: abuse, addiction, alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, dependence, diagnosis, DSM-5, epidemiology, hallucinogen, hypnotic, inhalant, intoxication, methamphetamine, nicotine, opioid, sedative, stimulant, substance use disorders, tobacco, tolerance, withdrawal

Overview of Substance Use Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander W Thompson ◽  
Timothy Ando ◽  
Emily Morse
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Sedative Hypnotics ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes

Substance use disorders are a major source of morbidity and mortality, contributing to a significant proportion of deaths in the United States and worldwide each year. A substantial rise in deaths related to drug overdoses in recent decades has drawn increasing public attention to this issue. However, the majority of individuals struggling with substance use disorders remain untreated. The financial costs and health burden are substantial. This review provides a broad overview of substance-related and addictive disorders. The evolution of the classification system is described, and the diagnostic criteria for the various substance use disorders are reviewed. Epidemiology and etiologic considerations, including neurobiological pathways, genetics, environmental influences, and dimensional risk factors, are examined. Finally, individual substances and their related disorders are reviewed, including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedative/hypnotics, stimulants, tobacco, and other or unknown substances. Intoxication and withdrawal syndromes are described where applicable, and clinical management concepts are discussed.  This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 71 references. Key words: abuse, addiction, alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, dependence, diagnosis, DSM-5, epidemiology, hallucinogen, hypnotic, inhalant, intoxication, methamphetamine, nicotine, opioid, sedative, stimulant, substance use disorders, tobacco, tolerance, withdrawal

Overview of Substance Use Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander W Thompson ◽  
Timothy Ando ◽  
Emily Morse
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Sedative Hypnotics ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes

Substance use disorders are a major source of morbidity and mortality, contributing to a significant proportion of deaths in the United States and worldwide each year. A substantial rise in deaths related to drug overdoses in recent decades has drawn increasing public attention to this issue. However, the majority of individuals struggling with substance use disorders remain untreated. The financial costs and health burden are substantial. This review provides a broad overview of substance-related and addictive disorders. The evolution of the classification system is described, and the diagnostic criteria for the various substance use disorders are reviewed. Epidemiology and etiologic considerations, including neurobiological pathways, genetics, environmental influences, and dimensional risk factors, are examined. Finally, individual substances and their related disorders are reviewed, including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedative/hypnotics, stimulants, tobacco, and other or unknown substances. Intoxication and withdrawal syndromes are described where applicable, and clinical management concepts are discussed.  This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 71 references. Key words: abuse, addiction, alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, dependence, diagnosis, DSM-5, epidemiology, hallucinogen, hypnotic, inhalant, intoxication, methamphetamine, nicotine, opioid, sedative, stimulant, substance use disorders, tobacco, tolerance, withdrawal

Overview of Substance Use Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander W Thompson ◽  
Timothy Ando ◽  
Emily Morse
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Sedative Hypnotics ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes

Substance use disorders are a major source of morbidity and mortality, contributing to a significant proportion of deaths in the United States and worldwide each year. A substantial rise in deaths related to drug overdoses in recent decades has drawn increasing public attention to this issue. However, the majority of individuals struggling with substance use disorders remain untreated. The financial costs and health burden are substantial. This review provides a broad overview of substance-related and addictive disorders. The evolution of the classification system is described, and the diagnostic criteria for the various substance use disorders are reviewed. Epidemiology and etiologic considerations, including neurobiological pathways, genetics, environmental influences, and dimensional risk factors, are examined. Finally, individual substances and their related disorders are reviewed, including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedative/hypnotics, stimulants, tobacco, and other or unknown substances. Intoxication and withdrawal syndromes are described where applicable, and clinical management concepts are discussed.  This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 71 references. Key words: abuse, addiction, alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, dependence, diagnosis, DSM-5, epidemiology, hallucinogen, hypnotic, inhalant, intoxication, methamphetamine, nicotine, opioid, sedative, stimulant, substance use disorders, tobacco, tolerance, withdrawal

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Sullivan ◽  
Frances R. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Withdrawal Syndromes

Alcohol and substance-use disorders in late life have been under-studied. Alcohol and prescription drugs are frequently abused by older Americans, yet addictive disorders are often difficult to identify in this population because of screening instruments adapted to younger adults, stigma and shame that limit help-seeking in older adults, and co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions that mimic or mask both acute effects and withdrawal syndromes associated with alcohol or substance-use disorders. We will review the evidence for the effectiveness of motivational brief interventions in this population, the need to modify certain pharmacotherapies, including standard detoxification regimens, as well as how to develop age-specific treatment services which tailor the content and pace of presentation toward older adults. Older patients can demonstrate equally or more successful outcomes than younger individuals. This text is intended as a practical handbook to enhance clinical skills in identifying and treating addiction in older adults.

scholarly journals Seasonal Allergies and Psychiatric Disorders in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Oh ◽  
Ai Koyanagi ◽  
Jordan DeVylder ◽  
Andrew Stickley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seasonal Allergies

Seasonal allergies have been associated with mental health problems, though the evidence is still emergent, particularly in the United States. We analyzed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and the National Latino and Asian American Survey (years 2001–2003). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the relations between lifetime allergies and lifetime psychiatric disorders (each disorder in a separate model), adjusting for socio-demographic variables (including region of residence) and tobacco use. Analyses were also stratified to test for effect modification by race and sex. A history of seasonal allergies was associated with greater odds of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders, but not alcohol or substance use disorders, after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and tobacco use. The associations between seasonal allergies and mood disorders, substance use disorders, and alcohol use disorders were particularly strong for Latino Americans. The association between seasonal allergies and eating disorders was stronger for men than women. Seasonal allergies are a risk factor for psychiatric disorders. Individuals complaining of seasonal allergies should be screened for early signs of mental health problems and referred to specialized services accordingly.

Correlates of vocational outcomes of youth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders: Evidence from a vocational rehabilitation program

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Olayemi A. Akinola ◽  
Euchay Ngozi Horsman ◽  
Lisa Dunkley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Competitive Employment ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Vocational Outcomes

Abstract Youth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders are at higher risk for vocational rehabilitation exclusion. This study aimed to (a) explore the personal factors associated with vocational outcomes of youth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders and (b) highlight services that have shown the greatest promise for this population in the state-federal rehabilitation program in the United States. Our analytic sample was extracted from the Rehabilitation Services Administration’s Case Service Report data set for 2013, 2014, and 2015 fiscal years. Multiple regression analyses results identified personal factors such as gender, race/ethnicity, level of education, and severity of disability as predictors of the achievement of competitive employment, hours worked, and income. The receipt of vocational rehabilitation services such as job search support, job placement assistance, vocational training, and on-the-job support are significantly associated with the achievement of competitive employment, higher work hours, and income. These finding have implications for vocational rehabilitation practice as they highlight who is at higher risk for poor outcomes, effective services, and additional factors to consider when working with youth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders.

Clinical Management of Drug Use Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Thompson ◽  
Timothy Ando ◽  
James Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Drug Use Disorders ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Significant Public Health

Despite mammoth efforts toward the treatment and prevention of substance use disorders in the United States over the past 30 years, they remain a significant public health concern and an all-too-common comorbidity among people with other forms of mental illness. Continued research into genetics, pharmacotherapies, psychotherapies, and epidemiology for substance use disorders results in huge amounts of new information for clinicians to assimilate each year. This review summarizes current diagnostic and categorical standards in substance use disorders, epidemiology, genetic and physiologic factors in addiction for each class, clinically relevant laboratory testing, evidence-based treatments, and prognostic considerations in substance use disorders. Specifically, sections cover cannabinoids, hallucinogens, opioids, sedatives, and stimulants. Key words: benzodiazepines, cannabis, drug dependence, hallucinogens, MDMA, substance abuse, substance dependence, synthetic cannabinoids 

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