48-OR: Gut Dysbiosis Promotes Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) through TLR-2 Activation by Peptidoglycan (PGN) in Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Deficient Type 1 Diabetic (T1D) Mice

Diabetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 48-OR ◽  
Author(s):  
RAM PRASAD ◽  
YAQIAN DUAN ◽  
JASON L. FLOYD ◽  
MARIA B. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis

scholarly journals Dual RAS blockade normalizes angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 expression and prevents hypertension and tubular apoptosis in Akita angiotensinogen-transgenic mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (7) ◽  
pp. F840-F852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Sheng Lo ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Yixuan Shi ◽  
Hasna Maachi ◽  
Isabelle Chenier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Intrarenal Ras ◽  
Renal Proximal Tubular ◽  
The Right

We investigated the effects of dual renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade on angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (Ace2) expression, hypertension, and renal proximal tubular cell (RPTC) apoptosis in type 1 diabetic Akita angiotensinogen (Agt)-transgenic (Tg) mice that specifically overexpress Agt in their RPTCs. Adult (11 wk old) male Akita and Akita Agt-Tg mice were treated with two RAS blockers (ANG II receptor type 1 blocker losartan, 30 mg·kg−1·day−1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril (4 mg·kg−1·day−1) in drinking water. Same-age non-Akita littermates and Agt-Tg mice served as controls. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and albuminuria were monitored weekly. The animals were euthanized at age 16 wk. The left kidneys were processed for immunohistochemistry and apoptosis studies. Renal proximal tubules were isolated from the right kidneys to assess gene and protein expression. Urinary ANG II and ANG 1–7 were quantified by ELISA. RAS blockade normalized renal Ace2 expression and urinary ANG 1–7 levels (both of which were low in untreated Akita and Akita Agt-Tg), prevented hypertension, albuminuria, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular apoptosis, and inhibited profibrotic and proapoptotic gene expression in RPTCs of Akita and Akita Agt-Tg mice compared with non-Akita controls. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of RAS blockade in preventing intrarenal RAS activation, hypertension, and nephropathy progression in diabetes and support the important role of intrarenal Ace2 expression in modulating hypertension and renal injury in diabetes.

Urinary ACE2 in healthy adults and patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 703-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Z.I. Cherney ◽  
Fengxia Xiao ◽  
Joseph Zimpelmann ◽  
Ronnie L.H. Har ◽  
Vesta Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Clinical Complications

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is expressed in the kidney and may be renoprotective. We determined whether urinary ACE2 enzyme activity and protein levels (ELISA), as well as angiotensinogen and ACE, are elevated during clamped euglycemia (4–6 mmol·L–1) in patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 58) compared with normoglycemic controls (n = 21). We also measured the effect of clamped hyperglycemia (9–11 mmol·L–1) on each urinary factor in T1D patients. Urinary ACE2 activity and protein levels were higher during clamped euglycemia in T1D compared with the controls (p < 0.0001). In contrast, urinary angiotensinogen levels (p = 0.27) and ACE excretion (p = 0.68) did not differ. In response to clamped hyperglycemia in T1D, urinary ACE2 protein decreased (p < 0.0001), whereas urinary ACE2 activity as well as angiotensinogen and ACE levels remained unchanged. Urinary ACE2 activity and protein expression are increased in T1D patients prior to the onset of clinical complications. Further work is required to determine the functional role of urinary ACE2 in early T1D.

scholarly journals A trimeric human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianshu Xiao ◽  
Jianming Lu ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Rebecca I. Johnson ◽  
Lindsay G.A. McKay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Peptidase Activity ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

AbstractEffective intervention strategies are urgently needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a carboxypeptidase that forms a dimer and serves as the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2. It is also a key negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), conserved in mammals, which modulates vascular functions. We report here the properties of a trimeric ACE2 variant, created by a structure-based approach, with binding affinity of ~60 pM for the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, while preserving the wildtype peptidase activity as well as the ability to block activation of angiotensin II receptor type 1 in the RAS. Moreover, the engineered ACE2 potently inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. These results suggest that engineered, trimeric ACE2 may be a promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent for treating COVID-19.

Abstract 379: Insulin Attenuated Albuminuria by Upregulating Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in Type 1 Diabetic Akita Mice

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esam Salem ◽  
Hari K Somineni ◽  
Harshita Chodavarapu ◽  
Mariana Morris ◽  
Khalid M Elased
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Urinary Albumin Excretion ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Urinary Albumin ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Diabetic Kidney ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Albumin Excretion ◽  
Akita Mice

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of diabetes that is clinically diagnosed by a progressive increase in albuminuria. Alterations within renin angiotensin system balance contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a metallocarboxypetidase, has a renoprotective role due to its ability to form Angiotensin (1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] by degrading Angiotensin II (Ang II). Accumulating evidence shows that strict glycemic control attenuates diabetic kidney damage. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that normalizing hyperglycemia with insulin will reduce albuminuria by increasing ACE2 in Akita diabetic mice. Type 1 diabetic Akita mice (C57BL/6-Ins2Akita/J) and their wild type (WT) littermates were used. Metabolic parameters were monitored weekly. Urine was collected over 24 hours to measure the urinary albumin, total protein and ACE2 activity. Akita mice developed significant hyperglycemia (Akita: 452±6; WT: 118±2 mg/dL), hypoinsulinemia (Akita: 0.5; WT: 1.5 ng/mL) and hypoadiponectinemia (Akita: 3.0; WT: 6.0 μg/mL) compared to WT mice. There was a significant increase in urinary albumin excretion (Akita: 2.1±0.2; WT: 0.2±0.06 mg/day) in Akita mice compared to WT mice. In addition, Akita mice demonstrated a significant decrease in renal (Akita: 3±0.3; WT: 4.1±0.1 pmol/hr/μg protein) and urinary (Akita: 0.2±0.03; WT: 0.7±0.1 pmol/hr/μg protein) ACE2 activity compared to WT mice (P<0.05). Western blot & immunohistochemistry revealed downregulation of renal ACE2 & nephrin protein expression in Akita mice compared to WT mice. Treatment with insulin implants (LinβitR) for 10 weeks significantly decreased hyperglycemia in Akita mice (treated: 135±21; untreated: 452±6 mg/dL). Insulin treatment significantly decreased urinary albumin excretion (treated: 0.18±0.2; untreated: 2.1±0.2 mg/day) and increased urinary ACE2 activity (treated: 1.3±0.3; untreated: 0.2±0.03 pmol/hr/μg protein) in Akita mice. In conclusion, normalizing hyperglycemia in Akita mice with insulin increased ACE2 activity and attenuated albuminuria.

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