scholarly journals PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN MUTLAK (STRICT LIABILITY) DALAM HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Artha Windari
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Law System ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
Civil Law System

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsep pertanggungjawaban mutlak (strict liability) dalam sistem common law dan civil law, serta bentuk pertanggungjawaban mutlak (strict liability) dalam hukum perlindungan konsumen di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach) dan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka dan studi dokumen. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam common law system, strict liability merupakan transformasi dari pertanggungjawaban atas dasar perjanjian (contractual liability), yang sama sekali tidak mensyaratkan adanya unsur kesalahan, sedangkan konsep pertanggungjawaban dalam civil law system keberadaan unsur kesalahan masih terkandung didalamnya, akan tetapi dilakukan pengalihan beban pembuktian unsur kesalahan tersebut dari penggugat kepada tergugat (shifting the burden of proof). Bentuk pertanggungjawaban dalam hukum perlindungan konsumen di Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen menganut strict liability sebagai derivasi dari pertanggungjawaban berdasarkan perbuatan melawan hukum (tortious liability), dimana terjadi pengalihan beban pembuktian kesalahan dari konsumen kepada pelaku usaha. Kata Kunci: Strict liability, perlindungan konsumen.

scholarly journals Contract Law Of Malaysia and Indonesia: Some Basic Comparison

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Shaik Mohd Noor Alam S.M. Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
Civil Law System

Malaysia dan Indonesia memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan dalam sistem hukum. Keduanegara mengenal Hukum Islam dan Hukum Adat. Namun berkenaan dengan hukum Baratmaka Malaysia menganut "Common Law System ", sedangkan Indonesia negeri yangdimasukkan dalam "Civil Law System ". Karangan berikut ini mencoba memperbandingkansahnya suatu perjanjian menurut hukum "Common Law" Malaysia dan "Civil Law" Indonesia. Terlihat adanya perbedaan dalam unsur-unsur yang harus dipenuhi untuk sahnya suatu perjanjian di kedua negara tersebut.

scholarly journals “Halal” Abortion in Perspective Common Law system,Civil Law System and Ius Constituendum : Towards Legality and Safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Sardjana Atmadja
Keyword(s):  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Unsafe Abortion ◽  
Law System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Post Abortion Care ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
Post Abortion ◽  
Civil Law System

Background: To safe services in hygienic conditions must be made widely available and affordable, so that the stigma associated with providing and obtaining abortions can lessen and safe services can become normal and accepted, abortion is broadly legal, widely available and safe in Indonesia.Objective: The purpose of this article to discuss ius constituendum on abortion in Indonesia from criminal law perspective between Common Law System and Civil Law System.In Indonesia Ius Contituendum on abortion  is not directed to legalization of abortion as carried out both in Netherland and USA but tends to be harmonized with therapeutic abortion concept both medical and psychiatric fields.Material and Method: Systematic review of studies evaluating the prevalence of unsafe abortion in Indonesia.Results: The public health tragedy caused by unsafe abortion is all the more so because it is largely preventable, by improving the quality and availability of post abortion care, by making abortion legal and increasing access to safe services, and—because almost every abortion is preceded by an unintended pregnancy—by expanding access to contraceptive information and services. Restrictive laws have much less impact on stopping women from ending an unwanted pregnancy than on forcing those who are determined to do so to seek out clandestine means. Ironically, the abortion laws governing of Indonesia  is holdovers from the colonial era.Conclutions:  “Halal” abortion is making a significant contribution toward reducing the need for abortion altogether and the likelihood of unsafe abortion by bringing down the rates of unintended pregnancy. This is also helping to reduce complications of unsafe abortion through its support for programs to increase access to and improve post abortion care. This includes not only treatment for septic or incomplete abortion, but also essential post abortion.Keywords: “Halal” abortion, the public health tragedy, unintended pregnancy Common law system,Civil law system and Ius Constituendum.

Proof of Causation in Tort Cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Bohdan Karnaukh
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Ways Of Coping ◽  
Law System ◽  
Standard Of Proof ◽  
Civil Cases ◽  
Civil Law System

The article addresses the problem of uncertainty over causation in tort cases. It reveals the interconnection between burden of proof and standard of proof. The author provides a comparative overview of approaches to standard of proof in common law and civil law systems. It is argued that while in common law there are two different standards viz: beyond-reasonable-doubt-standard for criminal cases and balanceof-probabilities standard for civil cases in civil law system there is only one standard applicable both to criminal and civil cases. With comparative analysis in the background the article also reveals the peculiarities of Ukrainian law in the respect of the issue raised. The problem is approached in a pragmatic manner: using a hypothetical case the author models practical outcomes entailed by each of the approaches being applied to the case. Eventually the conclusion is made that there are four ways of coping with uncertainty over causation: (1) to reverse the burden of proof; (2) to calibrate the standard of proof for certain cases; (3) to recognize the very creation of the abnormal risk as a compensable damage; and (4) to multiply damage plaintiff sustained by the probability factor indicating the likelihood of the damage being actually caused by the defendant.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Hukum terkait Pembentukan Pasal Penghinaan terhadap Peradilan, Perzinahan, dan Santet dalam RKUHP Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-137
Author(s):  
Farrel Alanda Fitrah
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
Civil Law System

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek perbandingan hukum terkait pembentukan pasal penghinaan terhadap peradilan, perzinahan, dan santet dalam RKUHP Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi bersifat deskriptif. Adapun metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis perbandingan hukum. Perbandingan hukum dilakukan untuk mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan unsur dari setiap sistem hukum, sehingga dapat menjadi alternatif dalam menyikapi persoalan-persoalan tertentu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia menganut civil law system sebagai warisan dari Belanda. Akan tetapi, tidak ada lagi negara yang murni menganut civil law system atau common law system. Perpaduan antara civil law system dan common law system di Indonesia disertai pula dengan perpaduan antara unsur hukum agama dan hukum adat. Hal ini dapat diketahui dari aspek perbandingan hukum terkait pembentukan pasal penghinaan terhadap peradilan, perzinahan, dan santet dalam RKUHP Indonesia. Tindak pidana penghinaan terhadap peradilan atau contempt of court dirumuskan dalam Pasal 302-325 RKUHP, dimana muatan dari Pasal tersebut merupakan perpaduan dari common law system. Tindak pidana perzinahan dirumuskan dalam Pasal 418 RKUHP, dimana muatan dari Pasal tersebut merupakan perpaduan dari hukum agama yang ditransformasikan ke dalam sistem hukum Indonesia yang menganut civil law system. Tindak pidana delik santet dirumuskan dalam Pasal 252 RKUHP, dimana muatan dari Pasal tersebut merupakan perpaduan antara sistem hukum adat dengan sistem hukum agama yang berusaha diterapkan ke dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Olehnya itu, disarankan agar peran perbandingan hukum dalam menelaah proses pembaharuan hukum harus terus dilakukan, sehingga sistem hukum di Indonesia terus bergerak ke arah yang lebih baik.

scholarly journals Attribution of Liability among Multiple Tortfeasors under Negligence Law: Causation in Iran and England

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Elyas Noee ◽  
Mohammad Noee ◽  
Azadeh Mehrpouyan
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Law System ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
Negligence Law ◽  
Civil Law System

“Causation” possesses a considerable place in tort law of Iran and England particularly in the field of Negligence law. Existing differences in legal systems of Iran (as a Civil Law system) and England (as a Common Law system) make find a common perspective difficult to study causation but possible. This research focuses to compare causation in cases where more than one tortfeasors is involved in inflicting damage by negligence. This study also attempts to recognize differences and similarities between Iran and England in order to resolve ambiguities in Iran legal system through England legal system. The study was conducted in three sections including tortfeasors’ indenpendancy, tortfeasors’ contribution, and tortfeasors’ separate impact. This paper reports respectively: in case of tortfeasor independency, Iran law admits jointly and severally liability while England law offers a variety of approaches in various cases; in case of tortfeasors’ contribution, each tortfeasor is liable according to its effect on causing damage with few exceptions; and in case of tortfeasors’ separate impact, per tortfeasor is liable for inflicted damage which is only from oneself side. The results show England law can be considered to filling legal gap of Iran law regarding present identified differences and similarities.

scholarly journals Penerapan Omnibus Law dalam Undang Undang No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Zulfa Humaira
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Law System ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
Civil Law System

Pada Juli 2020, World Bank mengubah indikator pengukuran katagori pendapatan negara dan mengklasifikasikannya ke dalam 4 kelompok negara yaitu, pendapatan rendah (low income), pendapatan rendah menengah (lower-middle income), pendapatan menengah keatas (upper-middle income), dan pendapatan tinggi (high-income). Dari perubahan indikator tersebut menempatkan Indonesia pada katagori upper-middle income dari yang sebelumnya lower-middle income. Peningkatan pendapatan Indonesia terus diupayakan dan didorong oleh pemerintah melalu regulasi-regulasi yang mendukung salah satunya dengan membentuk Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja atau UU Cipta Kerja. Pembentukan UU Cipta Kerja merupakan yang pertama kali di Indonesia dengan metode Omnibus Law sehingga membawa dampak bagi peraturan perundang-undangan lain yang terkait. Pada prinsipnya penerapan Omnibus Law sudah banyak diterapkan di negara-negara dengan common law system sedangkan untuk penerapannya di Indonesia memiliki beberapa permasalahan mengenai pembentukan perundang-undangannya karena menganut civil law system.

scholarly journals Peran Yurisprudensi dalam Sistem Hukum di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Law System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Civil Law System

Karakteristik sistem hukum common law adalah hukum yang berorientasi kepada kasus (case-law), sedangkan sistem civil law, hukum berorientasi kepada undang-undang (codified-law). Namun peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai basis legalitas hukum dalam tradisi Rechtstaats, memiliki keterbatasan tersendiri. Peraturan perundang-undangan tidak pernah mengatur secara lengkap dan detail bagaimana pemenuhan aturan hukum dalam setiap peristiwa hukum, oleh karenanya yurisprudensi lah yang akan melengkapinya. Selain untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum, yurisprudensi merupakan instrumen hukum dalam rangka menjaga kepastian hukum. Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji kedudukan yurisprudensi dikaitkan dengan tugas dan fungsi MK sebagai pengawal konstitusi, bukan sebagai penegak undang-undang. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dengan pendekatan perbandingan. Kesimpulan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa yurisprudensi merupakan salah satu sumber hukum yang penting dalam tradisi civil law. Setiap diskursus tentang yurisprudensi dalam tradisi civil law mengisyaratkan bahwa tradisi civil law mengakui hukum selain yang tertuang dalam bentuk undang-undang, juga terdapat hukum yang bersumber dari hukum hakim (judge made law) (rechtstersrecht) yang lebih dikenal dengan nama yurisprudensi (jurisprudentierecht).The characteristics of the common law legal system are case-law, whereas the civil law system, the law is codified-law. However, legislation as the basis of legal legality in the tradition of Rechtstaats, has its own limitations. Legislation never regulates in full and detail how compliance with the laws in every legal circumtances, therefore it is jurisprudence that will complement it. In addition to filling a legal vacuum, jurisprudence is a key legal instrument in order to maintain legal certainty. This paper seeks to examine the position of jurisprudence associated with the duties and functions of the Constitutional Court as a guardian of the constitution, not merely as statute enforcement. The analytical method used is a literature study with a comparative approach. The conclusion obtained in this study is that jurisprudence is an important source of law in the civil law tradition. Any discourse on jurisprudence in the civil law tradition implies that the civil law tradition recognizes law other than those contained in statutes, there is also a law that comes from judge made law (rechtstersrecht) better known as jurisprudence (jurisprudentierecht).

scholarly journals KONTROVERSI STRICT LIABILITY DALAM HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-303
Author(s):  
Johannes Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
Civil Law System

This paper, using a comparative law method, discusses the controversy concerning the meaning and interpretation of strict liability as found in the Indonesian Consumer Protection Law.  How in Indonesia this concept is understood will be compared to how the same concept (strict liability) is developed within the Dutch civil law system and the common law system (especially in the United Kingdom(UK)and United State of America (USA)).  A brief description of the meaning and development of the concept in Indonesia will be given, including the historical trajectory of the concept within those different systems and the important case laws in the Netherlands, UK and USA.  All this will provide a background for the author to discuss and criticize the strict liability concept as found regulated in Law No. 8 of 199 on Consumer Protection.

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