What Do We Know About the Genetic Architecture of Psychopathology?

In the second half of the twentieth century, twin and family studies established beyond a reasonable doubt that all forms of psychopathology are substantially heritable and highly polygenic. These conclusions were simultaneously an important theoretical advance and a difficult methodological obstacle, as it became clear that heritability is universal and undifferentiated across forms of psychopathology, and the radical polygenicity of genetic effects limits the biological insight provided by genetically informed studies at the phenotypic level. The paradigm-shifting revolution brought on by the Human Genome Project has recapitulated the great methodological promise and the profound theoretical difficulties of the twin study era. We review these issues using the rubric of genetic architecture, which we define as a search for specific genetic insight that adds to the general conclusion that psychopathology is heritable and polygenic. Although significant problems remain, we see many promising avenues for progress. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Austronesians in the Northern Waters?

The following lines are inspired by John Kupchik’s seminal article ‘Austronesian Lights the Way’ that appears in this volume of JEAL. It demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt for the first time that there are reliable Austronesian loanwords in Japonic that reveal quite ancient and profound contacts, because without these profound contacts the borrowing of the names of the most basic celestial bodies, such as the sun and the moon, would not be possible. In my opinion, his article opened a new and an exciting direction in the Japonic historical linguistics. There are, however, two important differences between Kupchik’s article and the present one. First, while Kupchik mostly concentrated on the Amis language from Taiwan, and to a less extent on the languages of Philippines and other Western Malayo- Polynesian, my major focus is on the Philippines languages as potential donors, and much less on other Austronesian languages of the region. Second, while Kupchik looked mostly on mysterious words in the Omoro Sōshi, a collection of Old Okinawan and Amami sacred and folk poems (1531–1623 AD), this article focuses more on Old Japanese in particular and Japonic in general.

Ecological-Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in Aquatic Sediments from the ASEAN-5 Emerging Developing Countries: A Review and Synthesis

The ASEAN-5 countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam) of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as a group is an ever-increasing major economy developmental hub in Asia besides having wealthy natural resources. However, heavy metal (HM) pollution in the region is of increasing environmental and public concern. This study aimed to review and compile the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the aquatic sediments of the ASEAN-5 countries published in the literature from 1981 to February 2021. The mean values of Cu, Pb, and Zn in aquatic sediments were elevated and localized in high human activity sites and compared to the earth’s upper continental crust and reference values. Based on 176 reports from 113 publications, the ranges of concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) were 0.09–3080 for Cu, 0.37–4950 for Zn, and 0.07–2666 for Pb. The ecological risk (ER) values ranged from 0.02–1077 for Cu, 0.01–95.2 for Zn, and 0.02–784 for Pb. All reports (100%) showed the Zn ER values were categorized as being between ‘low potential ecological risk’ and ‘considerable potential ecological risk’. Almost all Cu ER values (97.7%) also showed similar ranges of the above two risk categories except for a few reports. The highest Cu level (3080 mg/kg dry weight) was reported from a mine-tailing spill in Marinduque Island of the Philippines with ‘very high ecological risk’. In addition, drainage sediments in the western part of Peninsular Malaysia were categorized as Cu ’high potential ecological risk’. Almost all reports (96%) showed Pb ER values categorized as between ‘low potential ecological risk’ and ‘moderate potential ecological risk’ except for a few reports. Six reports showed Pb ER values of ‘considerable potential ecological risk’, while one report from Semarang (Indonesia) showed Pb ER of ‘very high ecological risk’ (Pb level of 2666 mg/kg dry weight). For the ingestion and dermal contact pathways for sediments from the ASEAN-5 countries, all non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) values (HI values 1.0) for Cu, Pb, and Zn reflected no NCR. The ER and human health risk assessment of Cu, Pb, and Zn were compared in an integrative and accurate manner after we reassessed the HM data mentioned in the literature. The synthesis carried out in this review provided the basis for us to consider Cu, Pb, and Zn as being of localized elevated levels. This provided evidence for the ASEAN-5 group of countries to be considered as being a new socio-economic corridor. Beyond any reasonable doubt, an ever-increasing anthropogenic input of HMs is to be expected to a certain degree. We believe that this paper provides the most fundamental useful baseline data for the future management and sustainable development of the aquatic ecosystems in the region. Lastly, we claim that this review is currently the most up-to-date review on this topic in the literature.

Continuarea judecăţii sau restituirea cauzei la procuror? Despre consecinţele procedurale naţionale ale deciziei CJUE din cauza C-282/20 ZX

"On October 21, 2021, the European Court of Justice ruled in ZX and Spetsializirana prokuratura (Specialized Prosecutor's Office, Bulgaria), application no. C ‑ 282/20, by which it established art. 6 para. (3) of Directive 2012/13 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 on the right to information in criminal proceedings and the Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union must be interpreted as precluding national legislation which does not provide, after closing the preliminary hearing, for a procedure remedy for the ambiguities and gaps in the content of the indictment, irregularities, which affect the right of the accused person to be provided with detailed information on the indictment. This specific article analyzes the meaningful purpose of the judgment in ZX and the procedural remedies regulated in the Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure applicable to changes in the factual and legal elements of the indictment. In applying the jurisprudence of the ECJ, art. 6 para. (3) of Directive 2012/13 and art. 47 The EU CDF requires Member States to regulate legislation that allows for the legal recourse in court of any ambiguities and gaps in the content of the indictment that affect the right of the accused person to be provided with detailed information on the accusation. At the same time, national law must be interpreted in accordance with European Union law, in the sense that the judge must resort to all procedural means regulated by law in order to ensure that the defendant receives detailed information on the factual and legal grounds of the accusation and may apply properly for the right of defense. Only if national law entails impediments in the activity of the judge to provide such information or to remove any ambiguities and gaps in the indictment, which may compromise the defendant's right to understand the essential elements of the prosecution, he may ensure that the defendant receives the right information on the factual and legal basis of the charge necessary to formulate the defense. In the current regulatory framework, the absence of express provisions to establish on the procedural level a way to remedy the irregularities of the indictment conceives the premise of adopting solutions exclusively in court, without having a normative basis. In the doctrine, two remedies were outlined, the first involving a directly intervention of the prosecutor on procedural acts, which helps in enforcing the order of the judge of the preliminary hearing or the court of physical exclusion of illegal or unfair evidence, without operating a disinvestment of the court. The second remedy involves a restitution of the case either to the prosecutor's office or even to the prosecutor, according to the distinctions evoked during the present study. But where should the restitution be ordered? At the prosecutor's office or at the prosecutor? The nuance is important because it implies differences in the procedural mechanism by which the resumption of criminal prosecution is carried out in the current criminal procedural system. Finally, we consider that remedying the irregularity of the indictment by restituting the case and reactivating the judicial function of criminal prosecution is preferable to the direct intervention of the prosecutor in the trial phase, the representative of the Public Ministry having the possibility to maintain the possibility to redo the procedural documents and to issue a new regulatory indictment. For the arguments extensively developed in this study, the court's order should be a return to the case to the prosecutor and not to the prosecutor's office, as the procedural filter of restitution to the prosecutor's office involves the exclusive power of the chief prosecutor to assess the extent to which it is necessary to resume the criminal investigation (according to the provisions of art. 334 CPC) is, in this case, superfluous. Being given the nature of the incidents that makes impossible for the trial to, in the cases discussed in this article, the direct application of the jurisprudence of the ECJ should lead to a mandatory resumption of the criminal prosecution limited to the need to replace compromised acts that successively set up criminal charges. In conclusion, we note that the remedies proposed by the ECJ judgment in ZX should only operate in the limited context capable of justifying their existence. These should not become mechanisms for circumventing a procedural obligation of the court to resolve the case. Thus, we reiterate that if certain incidents arising during the trial, such as the change of the legal classification of the deed or the exclusion of decisive evidence, do not concern the external aspect of the accusation, but represent internal shortcomings closely related to its validity, the court is obliged to fully perform its function activated by notification and investment, following to rule on an acquittal, as the evidence in the accusation does not meet the minimum standard necessary to engage in criminal liability provided by art. 103 para. (2) CPC, beyond any reasonable doubt. Under these conditions, the remedies presented, regardless of the order of preference established by the interpreter, become incidental insofar as there are ambiguities in the accusation that could impede the proper exercise of the judicial function, not when the accusation is not supported by evidence, capable of proving beyond any reasonable doubt the guilt of the defendant."

Implementation of the proportionality test during the search process and the collection of evidence

As a means of collecting materials, the search and seizure of objects and documents is of undeniable importance in criminal evidence, providing valuable data that serve to establish the existence or non-existence of the crime, to identify the perpetrator, to establish guilt and other circumstances essential to the just settlement of the case. The present study, in the light of the proportionality test, reflects on the application of several evidentiary procedures, based on multiple criteria, in particular, the assessment of the reasonable doubt, the proportionality between the evidentiary procedure used and the degree of the incriminated deed; the relevance of the materials collected as a result of the evidentiary procedure and the excessive use of force, in carrying out the search.

“Proof under reasonable doubt”: Ambiguity of the Norm Violation as Boundary Condition of Third-Party Punishment

In six studies, we consistently observed costly third-party punishment (3PP) to decrease under ambiguity of the norm violation. Our research suggests that, under ambiguity, some people experience concerns about punishing unfairly. Those with higher (vs. lower) other-oriented justice sensitivity (Observer JS) reduced 3PP more pronouncedly (in Studies 1-3 and 4b, but not replicated in Studies 4-5). Moreover, those who decided to resolve the ambiguity (hence, removing the risk of punishing unfairly) exceeded the 3PP observed under no ambiguity (Study 4). However, we did not consistently observe these concerns about punishing unfairly to affect 3PP (Study 4-5). We further considered whether people could use ambiguity as justification for remaining passive – thus, avoiding the costs of 3PP. We did not find conclusive evidence supporting this notion. Taken together, ambiguity entails a situational boundary of 3PP that sheds light on the prevalence of this behavior and, potentially, on its preceding decision-making.

COVID cure or perpetual vaccination?: 30 cheap effective treatments of COVID-19 & variants, like ivermectin, or never-ending compulsory injection, with unsafe, genotoxic, infertilizing, injuring, crippling, handicapping, lethal, inefficient, ineffective, abortion-tainted, abortive, unethical, experimental genetic-hacks, deceivingly called vaccines instead of haccines? Scientific proof of the COVID PLANdemic with 1000 peer reviewed published references.

What is 10x more lethal than COVID-19? Viral covidiocy. 9 out of 10 COVID deaths were vaccinated in Argentina, where case fatality rate was 1300% higher for the vaccinated than for the unvaccinated, plus a higher 40% contagion rate (5% if unvaccinated): the opposite of the narrative. Though not as drastic, Israel, UK, Chile, Uruguay and the USA, also showed worse outcomes for the vaccinated than the unvaxxed, because of different natural evolution of variant waves, periods, treatments and vaccine brands. COVID waves seem to have receded due to the increase of herd immunity of the recovered, both vaccinated and unvaccinated.In the USA and Europe, 5 million adverse reactions and 70 thousand deaths were reported linked to COVID vaccines. Informed consent forms can’t protect COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers against legal actions, even under immunity by law, not only because they are not really “vaccines” but gene hacks to produce the S1 spike protein (or parts), nor because some or all the elements are secret, un-disclosed or hidden, but especially, because the cure had been found, voiding Emergency Use Authorization (EUA): if you get COVID, especially if vaccinated, follow this successful evidence-based treatment: https://covid19criticalcare.com/covid-19-protocols/ ( translations: https://covid19criticalcare.com/covid-19-protocols/translations/ ). Yet, there are many other options in this document.This research is not “anti-vaccine”, but pro-sane-vaccines. Unlike insane vaccines, it stands for evidence based medicine, i.e. scientifically proven safe and effective treatments. 500 scientific citations prove a systemic bias against cheap effective cures and towards unethical, ineffective and/or unsafe vaccines.Among dozens of effective treatments here reviewed, ivermectin is the best mass cure for COVID-19 variants. It had been scientifically proven beyond any reasonable doubt by May 2020, yet, instead of informing the public about the amazing results and going back to normal, there was a global scheme to block lifesaving information and promote lock downs, masks, restrictions, experimental vaccines and passports.1 million dollars of ivermectin would end the pandemic compared to 160 thousand million dollars PER YEAR to keep a perpetual endemic disease, with vaccines always chasing new variants in a never ending lucrative arms race. It is not a matter of unsettled science: there are more RCT studies than for any other standard-of-care treatment. An insane “war on bugs” by legal drug cartels?With COVID vaccines, Governments have turned a medical act into an administrative mandate. Yet, not a single medical association protested against this violation of the right of the physician to practice medicine, i.e. a customized treatment according to the best knowledge/possibilities?Human rights continue to be systematically violated: to life, to informed consent, to fertility, to ethical treatments (where benefits are higher than harms), to healthcare (instead of sickening-care), to treatments for vaccine injuries, to compensation for injuries and death, to privacy (passes), to freedom (to work, move, assemble, worship), etc.This research presents scientific evidence for a planned global genocide: COVID lab creation, vital information cover-up, deadly recommendations, COVID cure censorship and lethal disinformation to promote dangerous vaccines, which are the worst medical and epidemiological solution to the plandemic:MAY A PERSON :WITHCOVIDVACCINATIONWITHEFFECTIVETREATMENTAVOID GETTING SICK FROM COVID?🗴 No✓ YesAVOID INFECTING OTHERS?🗴 No✓ YesAVOID HOSPITALIZATION?🗴 No✓ YesAVOID DYING FROM COVID?🗴 No✓ YesAVOID SIDE-EFFECTS LIKE INFERTILITY, MISCARRIAGE, DISABILITY OR DEATH?🗴 No✓ YesGET HEALTHCARE OR MANUFACTURER LIABILITY FOR INJURIES, DEATH OR NEGLIGENCE?🗴 No✓ YesHELP PROTECT OTHERS?🗴 No✓ YesHELP REDUCE THE SATURATION OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM?🗴 No✓ YesGENERATE HERD IMMUNITY?🗴 No✓ YesHELP TO END THE PANDEMIC?🗴 No✓ YesREDUCE THE GENERATION AND SPREAD OF VARIANTS?🗴 No✓ YesAVOID COOPERATION WITH VACCINES PRODUCED WITH ABORTION CELL LINES?🗴 No✓ YesGIVE INFORMED CONSENT WITH A PACKAGE INSERT LISTING ALL THE INGREDIENTS?🗴 No✓ YesAVOID UNDISCLOSED GENE-HACKING, NANO-TAMPERING AND BLUETOOTH CHIP?🗴 No✓ YesFrom the systematic genocide of abortion, they moved on to the COVID genocide of the elderly blocking effective treatment, and then, to the mass genocide with experimental vaccines, starting with the elderly and ending with the babies, even the unborn (vaccinating the pregnants). The genocidal trend didn’t change, only the target population. Same serial killers, different weapons.Hosea 4:6 “My people are dying for lack of knowledge...”

The standard of proof “beyond a reasonable doubt” in criminal proceedings of Ukraine in the context of the ECHR case-law

The purpose of the paper is to determine a content of the standard of proof “beyond a reasonable doubt” (SP “BRD”) in the ECHRcase law and Ukrainian criminal proceedings by defining the criteria that characterize it. The subject is the SP “BRD”, doctrine of Ukraine and case-law, including its criticism by the individual judges of the ECHR and Ukrainian scholars. The research methodology includes the methods of analysis, the method of synthesis, the methods of deduction and induction, comparative-legal method, systematic and formal-legal methods. The results of the study. The acceptability of the SP “BRD” in the Ukrainian criminal proceedings is substantiated, in particular, its compliance with the purpose of criminal procedural proof. Practical implication. The criteria which characterize the SP “BRD” in the ECHR’s and SC’s case law are highlighted.

Chronic Pancreatitis: The True Pathogenic Culprit within the SPINK1 N34S-Containing Haplotype Is No Longer at Large

A diverse range of loss-of-function variants in the SPINK1 gene (encoding pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor) has been identified in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). The haplotype harboring the SPINK1 c.101A>G (p.Asn34Ser or N34S) variant (rs17107315:T>C) is one of the most important heritable risk factors for CP as a consequence of its relatively high prevalence worldwide (population allele frequency ≈ 1%) and its considerable effect size (odds ratio ≈ 11). The causal variant responsible for this haplotype has been intensively investigated over the past two decades. The different hypotheses tested addressed whether the N34S missense variant has a direct impact on enzyme structure and function, whether c.101A>G could affect pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA stability, and whether another variant in linkage disequilibrium with c.101A>G might be responsible for the observed association with CP. Having reviewed the currently available genetic and experimental data, we conclude that c.-4141G>T (rs142703147:C>A), which disrupts a PTF1L-binding site within an evolutionarily conserved HNF1A-PTF1L cis-regulatory module located ∼4 kb upstream of the SPINK1 promoter, can be designated as the causal variant beyond reasonable doubt. This case illustrates the difficulties inherent in determining the identity of the causal variant underlying an initially identified disease association.