scholarly journals Angiotensins in the central mechanisms of drinking instrumental activity of rats with different manifestations of risk behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Roman Ya. Vlasenko ◽  
Alexander V. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Instrumental Activity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Purposive Behavior

Aim. To carry out a comparative analysis of characteristics of drinking instrumental activity in rats with different manifestation of risk behavior before and after intracerebral introduction of equally productive dipsogenic doses of angiotensins. Materials and Мethods. The work was conducted on 19 Wistar male rats of 250300 g mass. All manipulations with animals were performed in accordance with the international ethic recommendations on biomedical research with use of animals. All rats were preliminarily scalped under ether anesthesia with removal of soft tissues and periosteum. The cannulae were introduced into rat’s brain through the trephine opening in the lateral ventricle. The length of each cannula was 8 mm, the internal diameter – 0.8 mm. All cannulae had a special restrictor at the distance of about 3.5 mm from the implantable end. Each animal was implanted one cannula into the lateral ventricle of the brain on the right or left side according to the coordinates of stereotaxic atlas for rats (L.D. Pellegrino at al., 1979) (AP = +1.0; L= 2; H= 2.5). Microinjections of substances were made into the brain of nonnarcotized animals using a microsyringe of 5 μL volume («Hamilton», the USA). For intraventricular microinjections, angiotensinII, angiotensinIII and [des – Asp1]angiotensinI («Sigma», the USA) were used. Results. In the article the mechanisms of realization of drinking instrumental activity in rats with different manifestations of risk behavior are described. In view of P.K. Anokhin’s general theory of functional systems, the effects of application of «equally productive» doses of angiotensins on initiation of specific patterns of drinking behavior in rats are discussed. Risk is considered as an independent component of systemic organization of purposive behavior of an individual. It is shown that the «integral pattern of individual behavior» of rats is selectively modulated by angiotensinII and angiotensinIII. This selectivity has a narrow focus and individual manifestations, depending on the background activity of the animals. Conclusion. Depending on the initial level of the intensity of instrumental activity of the animals (with different manifestations of risk behavior), angiotensin II and angiotensin III are involved into initiation of fullscale «integral pattern of individual drinking behavior» or participate in the directed modulation of complex purposive behavior manifested by enhancement of dipsogenic effect. At the same time, [des – Asp1]angiotensinI does not participate in the mechanisms of reproduction of the acquired drinking instrumental habits but induces only mechanisms of initiation of congenital individual forms of drinking behavior.

scholarly journals Angiotensins in the central mechanisms of drinking instrumental activity of rats with different manifestations of risk behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Roman Ya. Vlasenko ◽  
Alexander V. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Instrumental Activity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Purposive Behavior

Aim. To carry out a comparative analysis of characteristics of drinking instrumental activity in rats with different manifestation of risk behavior before and after intracerebral introduction of equally productive dipsogenic doses of angiotensins. Materials and Мethods. The work was conducted on 19 Wistar male rats of 250300 g mass. All manipulations with animals were performed in accordance with the international ethic recommendations on biomedical research with use of animals. All rats were preliminarily scalped under ether anesthesia with removal of soft tissues and periosteum. The cannulae were introduced into rat’s brain through the trephine opening in the lateral ventricle. The length of each cannula was 8 mm, the internal diameter – 0.8 mm. All cannulae had a special restrictor at the distance of about 3.5 mm from the implantable end. Each animal was implanted one cannula into the lateral ventricle of the brain on the right or left side according to the coordinates of stereotaxic atlas for rats (L.D. Pellegrino at al., 1979) (AP = +1.0; L= 2; H= 2.5). Microinjections of substances were made into the brain of nonnarcotized animals using a microsyringe of 5 μL volume («Hamilton», the USA). For intraventricular microinjections, angiotensinII, angiotensinIII and [des – Asp1]angiotensinI («Sigma», the USA) were used. Results. In the article the mechanisms of realization of drinking instrumental activity in rats with different manifestations of risk behavior are described. In view of P.K. Anokhin’s general theory of functional systems, the effects of application of «equally productive» doses of angiotensins on initiation of specific patterns of drinking behavior in rats are discussed. Risk is considered as an independent component of systemic organization of purposive behavior of an individual. It is shown that the «integral pattern of individual behavior» of rats is selectively modulated by angiotensinII and angiotensinIII. This selectivity has a narrow focus and individual manifestations, depending on the background activity of the animals. Conclusion. Depending on the initial level of the intensity of instrumental activity of the animals (with different manifestations of risk behavior), angiotensin II and angiotensin III are involved into initiation of fullscale «integral pattern of individual drinking behavior» or participate in the directed modulation of complex purposive behavior manifested by enhancement of dipsogenic effect. At the same time, [des – Asp1]angiotensinI does not participate in the mechanisms of reproduction of the acquired drinking instrumental habits but induces only mechanisms of initiation of congenital individual forms of drinking behavior.

Cyclic and diurnal alterations in the response of luteinizing hormone and prolactin to prostaglandin E2 during the rat oestrous cycle

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Wogensen ◽  
Jørgen Warberg
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Time Of Administration

Abstract. Two μg of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was infused into a lateral ventricle of the brain of female rats at 09.00 or 13.00 h on the different days of the oestrous cycle and the effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (Prl) release was determined. At 09.00 h PGE2 caused a pronounced release of LH in pro-oestrous, oestrous and metoestrous rats whereas the LH response in dioestrous rats was moderate. The secretion of Prl was only stimulated in rats from the pro-oestrous phase. When infused at 13.00 h PGE2 had a marked stimulatory effect on the release of LH in all groups of rats. The response was almost the same in oestrous, metoestrous and dioestrous rats but pro-oestrous rats a 2-fold higher LH response was observed. On each day of the oestrous cycle it was found that the LH-releasing activity of PGE2 was greater at 13.00 h than at 09.00 h. Thus, the overall greatest responsiveness of LH to PGE2 was noted at 13.00 h on pro-oestrus i.e. at a time which was prior to the onset of the spontaneous LH surge. At 13.00 h – as at 09.00 h – PGE2 was only capable of stimulating Prl release in pro-oestrous rats. Resembling the LH response it was found that PGE2-induced Prl release was greater at 13.00 h than at 09.00 h. In adult male rats the stimulatory effect of PGE2 on LH and Prl release was independent of the time of administration. It is concluded that the neuroendocrine elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit in mature female rats exhibit cyclic as well as diurnal alterations in the responsiveness to PGE2.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTIC OF INNATE COMPONENT OF LOCAL IMMUNITY OF IN PERIODONTIUM TISSUES OF RATS AFTER TOOTH EXTRACTION IN DIABETES MELLITUS BY CD 68 EXPRESSION INDICES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
К. S. Hanchev
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Macrophage Infiltration ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Rabbit Igg ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cd 68

CD 68 is conventionally used as a highly specific cytochemical marker for monocytes / macrophages immune staining during histochemical analysis of tissues with suspected inflammatory or timorous process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the peculiarities of the status of an innate component of local immunity in the periodontium tissues by using CD68 expression indices in rats with modelled streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the 1st, 7th and 14th days after extraction of the first lower molar. Materials and methods. Research was conducted on 120 Wistar male rats aged 8-10 months, divided into 8 groups of 15 animals in each. There were four control groups "Control-0", for which no tooth extraction was performed on; “Control-1; -7 and -14" groups involved the rats, whose parameters were registered on the 1st, 7th and 14th day after the extraction; and four relevant groups with modelled diabetes mellitus (simulated by intraperitoneal introduction of streptozotocin (SIGMA Chemical, the USA) in a dose of 50 mg/kg), on the 21st day of diabetes, the average glycemic level in the groups was 22.65 ± 0.88 mM/L. The tooth extraction was performed under thiopental anaesthesia (in a dose 40 mg / kg) with additional local infiltration anaesthesia using "Ubisthesin" (3M Deutschland GmbH, Germany). In order to study CD68 expression indices, dewaxed and rehydrated periodontium cross sections were incubated with the monoclonal antibodies: primary rabbit IgG to CD68 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, the USA) using 1:200 dilution and secondary mouse IgG to the complete molecule of rabbit IgG conjugated with FITC (Santa Cruz Bioteology) using 1:200 dilution. Results. The tooth extraction in rats with normal values of carbohydrate metabolism leads to the development of inflammation, macrophage infiltration in periodontal soft tissues on the 7th day, and inflammation "fading" following the second week. Modelled diabetes mellitus contributes to the formation of a “hidden” inflammation with the extended macrophage infiltration in the periodontal soft tissues. Thus, in diabetes mellitus, the tooth extraction slightly increases the expression of CD 68, the process slowly progresses, but is characterized by prolongation in the long-term period.

Effect of prostaglandin D2 on the release of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in castrated and intact male rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Wogensen ◽  
Jørgen Warberg
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Feedback Effect ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Prostaglandin D2 ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
The Brain

Abstract. One, 5 or 20 μg of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was infused into a lateral ventricle of the brain of anaesthetized intact or castrated male rats, and the response of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (Prl) was determined. PGD2 stimulated the release of LH in both groups of rats. The greatest LH-response was observed in the castrated rats, where the lowest dose of PGD2 (1 μg) caused the greatest LH response. This dose was ineffective in the non-castrated animals. PGD2 had no effect on the release of Prl neither in intact nor in orchidectomized rats. It is concluded that PGD2 is capable of stimulating the release of LH in male rats and that the stimulating effect is intensified by removal of the gonadal negative feedback effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary unit.

Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zafer Sahin ◽  
Alpaslan Ozkurkculer ◽  
Omer Faruk Kalkan ◽  
Ahmet Ozkaya ◽  
Aynur Koc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Chronic Immobilization Stress

Abstract. Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows ( n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 ± 0.41% and 6.28 ± 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 ± 0.41 and 3.85 ± 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 ± 5.87 s and 44.92 ± 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 ± 0.49%, 5.37 ± 0.44 and 15.3 ± 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 ± 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 ± 0.16 ppm, 179.31 ± 1.87 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 ± 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 ± 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 ± 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 ± 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 ± 1.87 ppm, 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, 327.25 ± 8.35 ppb and 2.45 ± 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.

A Survey on Detection and Classification of Brain Tumor Using Image Processing Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 967-973
Author(s):  
V. Deepika ◽  
T. Rajasenbagam
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tumor Detection ◽  
Tumor Classification ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Brain

A brain tumor is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal brain tissue that can interfere with normal brain function. Although various methods have been developed for brain tumor classification, tumor detection and multiclass classification remain challenging due to the complex characteristics of the brain tumor. Brain tumor detection and classification are one of the most challenging and time-consuming tasks in the processing of medical images. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a visual imaging technique, which provides a information about the soft tissues of the human body, which helps identify the brain tumor. Proper diagnosis can prevent a patient's health to some extent. This paper presents a review of various detection and classification methods for brain tumor classification using image processing techniques.

Vasopressin enhances the clearance of β-endorphin immunoreactivity from rat cerebrospinal fluid

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. J. Sweep ◽  
Margreet D. Boomkamp ◽  
István Barna ◽  
A. Willeke Logtenberg ◽  
Victor M. Wiegant
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Terminal Phase ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injection ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Administration ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The effect of intracerebroventricular (lateral ventricle) administration of arginine8-vasopressin (AVP) on the concentration of β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained from the cisterna magna was studied in rats. A decrease was observed 5 min following injection of 0.9 fmol AVP. No statistically significant changes were found 5 min after intracerebroventricular treatment of rats with 0.09 or 9 fmol. The decrease induced by 0.9 fmol AVP was of short duration and was found 5 min after treatment but not 10 and 20 min. Desglycinamide9-AVP (0.97 fmol), [pGlu4, Cyt6]-AVP-(4–9) (1.44 fmol), Nα-acetyl-AVP (0.88 fmol), lysine8-vasopressin (0.94 fmol) and oxytocin (1 fmol) when intracerebroventricularly injected did not affect the levels of β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid 5 min later. This suggests that the intact AVP-(1–9) molecule is required for this effect. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment of rats with the vasopressin V1-receptor antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (8.63 fmol) completely blocked the effect of AVP (0.9 fmol). In order to investigate further the underlying mechanism, the effect of AVP on the disappearance from the cerebrospinal fluid of exogenously applied β-endorphin was determined. Following intracerebroventricular injection of 1.46 pmol camel β-endorphin-(1–31), the β-endorphin immunoreactivity levels in the cisternal cerebrospinal fluid increased rapidly, and reached peak values at 10 min. The disappearance of β-endorphin immunoreactivity from the cerebrospinal fluid then followed a biphasic pattern with calculated half-lifes of 28 and 131 min for the initial and the terminal phase, respectively. Treatment of rats with AVP (0.9 fmol; icv) during either phase (10, 30, 55 min following intracerebroventricular administration of 1.46 pmol β-endorphin-(1–31)) significantly enhanced the disappearance of β-endorphin immunoreactivity from the cerebrospinal fluid. The data suggest that vasopressin plays a role in the regulation of β-endorphin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid by modulating clearance mechanisms via V1-receptors in the brain.

scholarly journals Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Riva ◽  
T. Fracasso ◽  
A. Guerra ◽  
P. Genet
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Shape ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
Representative Material

AbstractIn shooting crimes, ballistics tests are often recommended in order to reproduce the wound characteristics of the involved persons. For this purpose, several “simulants” can be used. However, despite the efforts in the research of “surrogates” in the field of forensic ballistic, the development of synthetic models needs still to be improved through a validation process based on specific real caseworks. This study has been triggered by the findings observed during the autopsy performed on two victims killed in the same shooting incident, with similar wounding characteristics; namely two retained head shots with ricochet against the interior wall of the skull; both projectiles have been recovered during the autopsies after migration in the brain parenchyma. The thickness of the different tissues and structures along the bullets trajectories as well as the incident angles between the bullets paths and the skull walls have been measured and reproduced during the assemblage of the synthetic head models. Two different types of models (“open shape” and “spherical”) have been assembled using leather, polyurethane and gelatine to simulate respectively skin, bone and soft tissues. Six shots have been performed in total. The results of the models have been compared to the findings of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and the autopsy findings.Out of the six shots, two perforated the models and four were retained. When the projectile was retained, the use of both models allowed reproducing the wounds characteristics observed on both victims in terms of penetration and ricochet behaviour. However, the projectiles recovered from the models showed less deformation than the bullets collected during the autopsies. The “open shape” model allowed a better controlling on the shooting parameters than the “spherical” model. Finally, the difference in bullet deformation could be caused by the choice of the bone simulant, which might under-represent either the strength or the density of the human bone. In our opinion, it would be worth to develop a new, more representative material for ballistic which simulates the human bone.

Giant syringobulbia associated with cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cyst and hydrocephalus

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Muroi ◽  
Nigel Peter Syms ◽  
Shizuo Oi
Keyword(s):  
Arachnoid Cyst ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
External Ventricular Drainage ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Ventricular Catheter ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion ◽  
Left Lateral Ventricle ◽  
The Brain

The aim in reporting this case was to discuss the pathophysiology and treatment issues in an infant with a giant syringobulbia associated with a right cerebellopontine angle (CPA) arachnoid cyst causing noncommunicating hydrocephalus. This 7-month-old infant presented to the hospital with a history of delayed milestones and an abnormal increase in head circumference. Magnetic resonance images and CT scans of the brain showed a large CSF cavity involving the entire brainstem and a right CPA arachnoid cyst causing obstruction of the fourth ventricle and dilation of the lateral and third ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion was performed by direct communication from the syringobulbia cavity to the left lateral ventricle and from the left lateral ventricle through another ventricular catheter; external ventricular drainage was performed temporarily for 5 days. Communication between the syrinx and arachnoid cyst was confirmed. Clinically, there was a reduction in head circumference, and serial MR imaging of the brain showed a decrease in the size of the syrinx cavity and the ventricle along with opening of the normal CSF pathways. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no further intervention was necessary. On follow-up of the child at 3 years, his developmental milestones were normal. Surgical intervention for this condition is mandatory. The appropriate type of surgery should be performed on the basis of the pathophysiology of the developing syringobulbia.

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