scholarly journals The relationship between maternal race-ethnicity, immigrant status and country of birth and the risk of having a child with autism spectrum disorder in Western Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Fairthorne ◽  
Nick De Klerk ◽  
Helen Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Immigrant Status ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Maternal Race

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) varies by maternal race-ethnicity, immigrant status and birth region. Women from Asia and East Africa have had higher rates of ASD with ID in their children. We aimed to investigate the odds of ASD with ID in children born in Western Australia (WA) according to maternal race-ethnicity,country of birth and immigrant status.MethodsWe linked state registries and examined the odds of ASD with ID in children born in WA from 1994-2005, by maternal race-ethnicity, country of birth and immigrant status.ResultsCompared to Caucasian non-immigrant women immigrant women were 40% less likely, to have a child with ASD with ID. Women of Asian race-ethnicity from Central and South Asia were slightly more likely than Caucasian non-immigrant women to have a child with ASD with ID but children of women of Asian race-ethnicity from other parts of Asia had about half the odds of having ASD with ID. Black women from East Africa had more than three and a half times the odds of ASD with ID in their children.Conclusions Our results suggest an interaction effect between race-ethnicity, immigrant status and birth region, with Black East African women having highest odds of a child with ASD with ID. Research is implicated on specific risk and protective factors for ASD with ID in the children of immigrant women.

Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder According to Maternal-Race Ethnicity and Country of Birth: A Register-Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 3611-3624
Author(s):  
Ifrah Abdullahi ◽  
Kingsley Wong ◽  
Keely Bebbington ◽  
Raewyn Mutch ◽  
Nicholas de Klerk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Maternal Race

scholarly journals Maternal Race–Ethnicity, Immigrant Status, Country of Birth, and the Odds of a Child With Autism

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 2329048X1668812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Fairthorne ◽  
Nick de Klerk ◽  
Helen M. Leonard ◽  
Laura A. Schieve ◽  
Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Maternal Race

The risk of autism spectrum disorder varies by maternal race–ethnicity, immigration status, and birth region. In this retrospective cohort study, Western Australian state registries and a study population of 134 204 mothers enabled us to examine the odds of autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability in children born from 1994 to 2005 by the aforementioned characteristics. We adjusted for maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, and birth year. Indigenous women were 50% less likely to have a child with autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability than Caucasian, nonimmigrant women. Overall, immigrant women were 40% less likely to have a child with autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability than nonimmigrant women. However, Black women from East Africa had more than 3.5 times the odds of autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability in their children than Caucasian nonimmigrant women. Research is implicated on risk and protective factors for autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability in the children of immigrant women.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US youth with autism spectrum disorder

Autism ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seán Healy ◽  
Carrie J Aigner ◽  
Justin A Haegele
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Severe Autism

The purpose of this study was to examine current overweight and obesity prevalence rates among US youth (aged 10–17 years) with and without autism spectrum disorder, based on the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health. Analyses of weight status, derived from parent-reported height and weight measures, were conducted for a weighted sample of 875,963 youth with autism spectrum disorder and 31,913,657 typically developing youth. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, income, and sex, youth with autism spectrum disorder had significantly higher odds of overweight (odds ratio = 1.48, p = 0.04) and obesity (odds ratio = 1.49, p = 0.02) compared to typically developing youth. Among youth with autism spectrum disorder, 19.4% were overweight and 23.05% were obese. Among typically developing youth, 14.9% were overweight and 15.91% were obese. Higher odds of obesity were reported for youth with severe autism spectrum disorder (odds ratio = 3.35, p < 0.01), compared to those with mild autism spectrum disorder.

scholarly journals A prospective birth cohort study on cord blood folate subtypes and risk of autism spectrum disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 1304-1317
Author(s):  
Ramkripa Raghavan ◽  
Jacob Selhub ◽  
Ligi Paul ◽  
Yuelong Ji ◽  
Guoying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Plasma Creatinine ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Cord Plasma ◽  
Race Ethnicity

ABSTRACT Background We previously reported that extremely high concentrations of maternal plasma folate were associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children. This study explored whether specific types of folate in cord blood have differential association with ASD. Objectives In the Boston Birth Cohort (BBC), we assessed the association between cord blood unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA), 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (THF), and total folate and a child's ASD risk. In a subset, we explored whether the association between UMFA and ASD risk can be affected by the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genotype and cord plasma creatinine. We also examined prenatal correlates of cord UMFA concentrations. Methods This report included 567 BBC children (92 ASD, 475 neurotypical), who were recruited at birth and prospectively followed at the Boston Medical Center. ASD was defined from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes documented in electronic medical records. Results Children with cord UMFA in the highest, versus lowest quartile, had a greater ASD risk (adjusted OR, aORquartile4: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.75). When stratified by race/ethnicity, the association was limited to 311 (45 ASD) Black children (aORquartile4: 9.85; 95% CI: 2.53, 38.31); a test of interaction between race/ethnicity and cord UMFA concentrations was significant (P = 0.007). The UMFA-ASD association in Black children slightly attenuated after adjusting for cord plasma creatinine (P = 0.05). There was no significant association between cord 5-methyl THF, total folate, DHFR genotype, and ASD risk. Cord total folate and maternal supplement intake during second trimester were associated with higher cord UMFA. Conclusions Higher concentrations of cord UMFA, but not 5-methyl THF or total folate, were associated with a greater risk of ASD in Black children. This study in a preterm-birth-enriched cohort raises more questions than it could answer and underscores the need for additional investigations on the sources and role of cord UMFA in children's neurodevelopmental outcomes and underlying mechanisms.

Examining the inclusion of diverse participants in cognitive behavior therapy research for youth with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety

Autism ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Pickard ◽  
Nuri Reyes ◽  
Judy Reaven
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Cognitive Behavior Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Results of randomized controlled trials have demonstrated significant reductions in anxiety symptoms following cognitive behavior therapy participation. Although promising, the extent to which previous research has included families from low socioeconomic status or racially/ethnically diverse backgrounds is unknown. Aims of this study are as follows: (1) What is the race, ethnicity, and educational attainment of youth with autism spectrum disorder and their families who have participated in research examining the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety? and (2) How do the demographics of these participants compare to that of the United States census? A total of 14 studies were reviewed that included 473 participants. Chi-square analyses indicated that there are significant differences between the race/ethnicity of youth with autism spectrum disorder participating in cognitive behavior therapy research for anxiety and that of youth in the United States. Standard residuals indicated significant overrepresentation of White youth and significant underrepresentation of Black and Latino youth in cognitive behavior therapy research (all p-values <0.001). Similarly, there were significant differences in the educational attainment of caregivers participating in cognitive behavior therapy research, with a significant underrepresentation of caregivers from low socioeconomic status backgrounds ( p < 0.001). These findings have implications for the development of cognitive behavior therapy interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety that are both rigorous and inclusive.

Development of Neural Structure and Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Implications for Learning Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1783-1797
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Coburn ◽  
Diane L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Language Intervention ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
And Function

Purpose Neurodevelopmental processes that begin during gestation and continue throughout childhood typically support language development. Understanding these processes can help us to understand the disruptions to language that occur in neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method For this tutorial, we conducted a focused literature review on typical postnatal brain development and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalography studies of the neurodevelopmental differences that occur in ASD. We then integrated this knowledge with the literature on evidence-based speech-language intervention practices for autistic children. Results In ASD, structural differences include altered patterns of cortical growth and myelination. Functional differences occur at all brain levels, from lateralization of cortical functions to the rhythmic activations of single neurons. Neuronal oscillations, in particular, could help explain disrupted language development by elucidating the timing differences that contribute to altered functional connectivity, complex information processing, and speech parsing. Findings related to implicit statistical learning, explicit task learning, multisensory integration, and reinforcement in ASD are also discussed. Conclusions Consideration of the neural differences in autistic children provides additional scientific support for current recommended language intervention practices. Recommendations consistent with these neurological findings include the use of short, simple utterances; repetition of syntactic structures using varied vocabulary; pause time; visual supports; and individualized sensory modifications.

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