Racism: A Part of History That Has Never Been Lost

There have been many cases of racism in its history that have occurred from ancient times to the present. Many factors cause racial conflicts. Factors that often trigger these actions, among others, are due to injustice, oppression, and racial discrimination by certain groups against other groups. In America itself, the era of slavery was a dark period in American history. This article aims to find out the impact and solutions to the problem of racism in general. How to find out the impact and solution to the problem of racism is to examine some of the cases that have occurred recently. The method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive with a literature review method to analyze data with 20 sources from books, journal articles, theses and websites. The findings of this study reveal that cases of racism still occur today, for example, last year because of the COVID-19 problem that initially occurred in Wuhan, China, Asian people received hatred from citizens and Western media. There are many factors that cause racial conflict, and the triggers vary in each country that experiences it, among others, because of injustice, oppression, and racial discrimination by certain groups against other groups. Through cases of racism that have occurred, one thing that according to the researcher can be concluded is how before the conflict between groups occurred, actually it started from problems that occurred between individuals. Tolerance is the main thing to stem this kind of thing.

Ethno-bamboo Approaches to the Pala’wan in the Mangrove Area of Palawan Island, the Philippines

Bamboo is an important resource in Southeast Asia, which is a hotspot of bamboo species diversity globally, and has historically contributed to livelihoods in various environments. Subsistence livelihoods are still widely found in Southeast Asia, especially in isolated villages, and various kinds of plant resources, including bamboo, support local livelihoods. Understanding the relationship between human society and plants is important to understand the historical process of expansion and adaptation of human society in Southeast Asia; however, despite its importance, information on bamboo utilization remains limited. A field survey was conducted in a village located in the mangrove area of Palawan Island, the Philippines. The residents were the Pala’wan. Data was obtained through participatory observation and interview survey to at least 30 villagers. In the village, 10 bamboo species, both wild and cultivated, were utilized for various purposes, with a large and specific demand for bamboo of cultivated species. These species are medium to large in size, and some are distributed widely both inmainland and insular Southeast Asia. These bamboo species are considered to have been brought by Southeast Asian people along with other useful plants and have adapted to the new environment. To understand the long-term relationship between Asian people and plants, it is necessary to consider bamboo, and multidisciplinary integration of knowledge, which can be called as the “ethno-bamboo approach,” can uncover new aspects of this relationship.

Comparing EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer across Asian and non-Asian patients: a plain language summary

This is a summary of a review article that looked at how people from different ethnic populations respond differently to treatments for a type of lung cancer called non-small cell lung cancer (also known as NSCLC). EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (often shortened to EGFR TKI treatments) are a form of treatment for NSCLC called EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. There are currently five EGFR TKI treatments available, which are categorized based on when they were developed. First-generation EGFR TKI treatments were developed first, followed by second-generation and then third-generation. As different people respond differently to treatments, this review looked at data from clinical studies to investigate how first-, second- and third-generation EGFR TKIs are used to treat people with NSCLC from different ethnicities. The results showed that second- and third-generation EGFR TKIs work better in treating people with NSCLC than first-generation TKIs in both Asian and non-Asian populations. However, it is still not clear whether second- or third-generation EGFR TKIs should be used as the initial treatment of choice for NSCLC, particularly in Asian patients. In one of the studies (called the FLAURA study), the third-generation EGFR TKI osimertinib improved overall survival (the length of time that patients survived, from first dose of treatment to death) when compared to first-generation EGFR TKIs. However, this was only seen in non-Asian people with NSCLC and not in Asian people with NSCLC. Saving osimertinib for second-line use (i.e., after the initial treatment has stopped working or becomes ineffective) may increase the duration of chemotherapy-free treatment, particularly in Asian patients.

"Thank you, your English is very good also": Asian Panethnicity and its Performance in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand

<p>Existing studies suggest that Asian panethnicity is the political mobilisation of diverse groups of people under a new name, to oppose racism and discrimination. Asian panethnicity is shaped by social forces, including those that exclude. As such, it is inherently political. However, it is limiting to think of it only as a kind of intentional, collective action bent towards achieving a predetermined group goal. This thesis expands this understanding of panethnicity, by considering how “Asiannness” is experienced on an intersubjective level and asks what “Asian” means to and for the Asian individual. Lingering Orientalism perpetuates a sense of Asian people as not quite belonging in the West. Though by now cliché, this narrative of non-belonging continues to determine ideas of Asianness and set the parameters of appropriate Asian behaviour. But, this non-belonging is also the site in and from which Asian actors make their own meanings and seek their own kind of situated belonging. This thesis takes an autoethnographic and ethnographic approach to field sites in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand to observe some of the ways Asian identity is formed. It is inevitable that transnational processes contribute to this identity work, but these global processes are also subsumed by localised structures and contexts. Drawing from participant observation with social and community groups, and interviews with creative artists, writers, administrators, community workers and activists addressing the question of what it means to be Asian, I argue that Asian panethnicity is constituted by “doing”. It is made up of different acts, repeated over time, and in different settings. As a product of relationships between externally imposed, in group enforced, and self-made conceptions of “Asianness”, Asian panethnicity is both performative and performed. This thesis presents scenarios in which these performances and presentations of the Asian self take place. In considering some of the possible contexts and conventions that give rise to the performative act/s of being Asian, I argue that being Asian is a creative, collaborative, ongoing endeavour. It is a means by which to accomplish belonging in the world.</p>

"Thank you, your English is very good also": Asian Panethnicity and its Performance in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand

<p>Existing studies suggest that Asian panethnicity is the political mobilisation of diverse groups of people under a new name, to oppose racism and discrimination. Asian panethnicity is shaped by social forces, including those that exclude. As such, it is inherently political. However, it is limiting to think of it only as a kind of intentional, collective action bent towards achieving a predetermined group goal. This thesis expands this understanding of panethnicity, by considering how “Asiannness” is experienced on an intersubjective level and asks what “Asian” means to and for the Asian individual. Lingering Orientalism perpetuates a sense of Asian people as not quite belonging in the West. Though by now cliché, this narrative of non-belonging continues to determine ideas of Asianness and set the parameters of appropriate Asian behaviour. But, this non-belonging is also the site in and from which Asian actors make their own meanings and seek their own kind of situated belonging. This thesis takes an autoethnographic and ethnographic approach to field sites in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand to observe some of the ways Asian identity is formed. It is inevitable that transnational processes contribute to this identity work, but these global processes are also subsumed by localised structures and contexts. Drawing from participant observation with social and community groups, and interviews with creative artists, writers, administrators, community workers and activists addressing the question of what it means to be Asian, I argue that Asian panethnicity is constituted by “doing”. It is made up of different acts, repeated over time, and in different settings. As a product of relationships between externally imposed, in group enforced, and self-made conceptions of “Asianness”, Asian panethnicity is both performative and performed. This thesis presents scenarios in which these performances and presentations of the Asian self take place. In considering some of the possible contexts and conventions that give rise to the performative act/s of being Asian, I argue that being Asian is a creative, collaborative, ongoing endeavour. It is a means by which to accomplish belonging in the world.</p>

Effect of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Suppression on Muscle Function After Total Thyroidectomy in Patients With Thyroid Cancer

ContextThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression is recommended to reduce tumor recurrence following surgery for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, prolonged subclinical hyperthyroidism caused by levothyroxine treatment has deleterious effects on various organs.ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationships of TSH concentration with muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance related to sarcopenia in patients with DTC undergoing TSH suppression following surgery.MethodsWe studied 134 patients of &gt;60 years who were undergoing TSH suppression therapy following surgery for DTC. We evaluated muscle mass and muscle function-related parameters and diagnosed sarcopenia using the threshold for Asian people.ResultsThe participants were 68.3 ± 7.2 years old and 36/134 (26.9%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. They were allocated to high-TSH and low-TSH groups using a threshold concentration of 0.40 μU/mL, and grip strength was significantly lower in the low-TSH group. The data were further analyzed according to age and sex, and in the low-TSH group, male participants and those of &lt;70 years were found to have significantly lower grip strength.ConclusionsLow-TSH concentrations is associated with low grip strength, and this is most pronounced in individuals of &lt;70 years of age. Therefore, muscle function should be considered an adverse effect of TSH suppression in patients with DTC who undergo TSH suppression therapy, especially in men of &lt;70 years.

Analisis Gemma Tulud Cruz tentang Teologi Bertahan Hidup di tengah Pandemi: Perspektif Teologi Asia

Surviving under challenging situations and suffering is a natural act for someone who has hope. Because if not, then suicide is the chosen path. The Covid-19 pandemic to date has caused suffering for humans in all aspects throughout the world, predominantly in Asian countries. The question of how to deal with suffering and the implementation of salvation today is relevant for discussion. This article aims to reveal the particular way Asian people, according to Gemma Tulud Cruz's perspective in deal with suffering. The method used is qualitative exploratory with a focus on disclosing the thoughts of Gemma Tulud Cruz. The results show that Asian ways to survive are silence, humor, laughter, community storytelling, singing, and dancing. This can apply to a community that not bound by religion, ethnicity, and race. Of course, the main thing is faith and hope in the person of Jesus. This characteristic can be correlated with the context of survival in Indonesia in the face of suffering due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Abstrak: Bertahan hidup dalam situasi sulit dan penderitaan adalah tindakan wajar yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang memiliki pengharapan. Sebab jika tidak, maka bunuh diri adalah jalan yang dipilih. Pandemi covid-19 hingga saat ini melahirkan penderitaan bagi manusia dalam segala aspek di seluruh dunia, khususnya negara-negara Asia. Pertanyaan bagaimana menghadapi penderitaan itu dan implementasi keselamatan di masa kini menjadi relevan untuk didiskusikan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan cara khusus orang Asia menurut perspektif Gemma Tulud Cruz dalam menghadapi penderitaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif eksploratif dengan fokus pengungkapan pemikiran Gemma Tulud Cruz. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekhususan dari cara orang Asia untuk bertahan hidup adalah dengan berdiam, humor dan tertawa, bercerita dalam komunitas, bernyanyi dan menari. Hal tersebut dilakukan dalam komunitas yang tidak tersekat agama, suku, dan ras. Tentu yang utama adalah iman dan pengharapan kepada pribadi Yesus. Ciri khas ini dapat dikorelasikan dengan konteks bertahan hidup di Indonesia dalam menghadapi penderitaan akibat pandemi covid-19.

Early perceptions of COVID-19 intensity and anti-Asian prejudice among White Americans

Anecdotal reports suggested an uptick in anti-Asian prejudice corresponding with the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining responses from White U.S. citizens ( N = 589) during the first months of the pandemic, this study tested: (a) whether actual intensity (official number of cases or deaths reported) or perceived intensity (participants’ estimates of the same) of the COVID-19 outbreak predicted indicators of racial outgroup prejudice, particularly those associated with cross-group interaction, (b) whether outgroup prejudice was oriented toward Asian people specifically, or toward racial outgroups more broadly (e.g., toward both Asian people and Black people), and (c) whether contact with racial outgroups moderated relations between COVID-19 intensity and racial prejudice. Results showed that perceived COVID-19 intensity was associated with prejudice indicators representing the desire for social distance from Asian people, as well as from Black people, yet it was unrelated to reports of negative affect toward either racial outgroup. These patterns support the idea that prejudice during periods of disease outbreak might functionally serve to reduce willingness for interaction with, and likelihood of infection from, racial outgroups. Contact moderated the relation between official reports of COVID-19 intensity and support for anti-China travel policies, such that greater contact with Asian people was associated with less support for exclusionary, anti-China travel policies when actual COVID-19 intensity was high. Overall, these results suggest that intensity of disease threat can exacerbate racial outgroup prejudice and reduce willingness for cross-group interaction, but that intergroup contact may sometimes provide a prejudice-attenuating effect.