scholarly journals GRAMMATICALIZATION OF CONTRACTED COMPOUND VERB FORMS IN MALOKARACHKINSKIJ DIALECT OF CHUVASH LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Елизавета Андреевна Рыжкова
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Compound Verb

Глаголы jar/jer ‘пускать’, jol ‘остаться’, il ‘брать’ и yk ‘падать’ в малокарачкинском говоре чувашского языка могут образовывать сложные глаголы — конструкции, состоящие из двух глагольных форм, но описывающие единую ситуацию. В малокарачкинском говоре в таких конструкциях происходит фонетическое явление стяжения: xəra za yk r ë (испугаться CV_SIM падать PST 3SG)> xəra z=yk r ë (испугаться CV_SIM падать PST 3SG) ‘упал(а)’. Стяжённые формы сложных глаголов отличаются от других сложноглагольных конструкций не только фонетически (выпадение последнего гласного деепричастия на -sa, выпадение начального j вершины, чередование гласных в основе вершины jar/jer ‘пускать’), но и по ряду морфосинтаксических признаков (место присоединения аффиксов каузатива и аттенуатива). На то, что появление стяжённых форм — это часть процесса грамматикализации сложных глаголов, указывает и то, что глаголы, не образующие стяжённых форм, но обладающие в составе сложноглагольной конструкции грамматическим значением, так же претерпевают фонетические изменения. В статье разобран пример глагола kaj ‘уходить’, у которого в сложноглагольной конструкции, как показал эксперимент с чтением диалектного текста, часто озвончается первый согласный. Это сближает глагол kaj ‘уходить’ с аффиксами, согласные в которых в малокарачкинском говоре обычно озвончаются в интервокальной позиции. В статье также рассматриваются семантические свойства глагола yk ‘падать’, образующего стяжённые сложные глаголы. Несмотря на общее грамматическое значение этого глагола в составе сложногагольной конструкции — вхождения в состояние или процесс, глагол yk ‘падать’ сохраняет некоторые элементы своего лексического значения, которые влияют на его сочетаемость как вершины сложного глагола: вхождение в состояние или процесс может быть только мгновенным, конструкции с пунктивными глаголами приобретают значение неожиданности и/или интенсивности, глаголы разрушения без семантики падения и глаголы с семантикой увеличения и повышения не могут сочетаться с yk ‘падать’. Материалы для статьи были собраны автором в экспедициях в село Малое Карачкино Чувашской Республики, кроме того используются примеры из экспедиционного корпуса и из литературы, приводятся некоторые сравнения с литературным чувашским языком. The article presents the results of the research of the contracted forms of compound verbs in Malokarachkinskij dialect of Chuvash language. Four verbs jar/jer ‘let’, jol ‘remain’, il ‘take’ and yk ‘fall’ can be the heads of the contracted forms of compound verbs. These forms differ from the full ones not only phonetically but also morphologically. At the same time, certain semantic features of these four verbs remain present even when they become heads of the compound verb constructions, thus restraining their distribution.

Verb + verb sequences in Dravidian

2021 ◽  
pp. 327-353
Author(s):  
Sanford B. Steever
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Verb Inflections ◽  
Dravidian Language ◽  
Compound Verb

This chapter analyzes compound verb constructions in the Dravidian language family. Drawing on data from all four subgroups, two broad constructions emerge: auxiliary compound verbs and lexical compound verbs. The former provide complex morphosyntactic vehicles for verbal categories or combinations of categories not found in the simple verb inflections of a language; the latter provide similar vehicles to encode lexical meanings not found in simple lexemes of the language. A third construction, reduplicated compounds, is also analyzed. A brief comparison in made between the pattern of these verb + verb sequences in Dravidian and patterns found in other language families.

Preverbation and narrativity in Lithuanian. The distribution of finite simplex and compound verbs in narrative main clauses

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 167-192
Author(s):  
Lea Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Text ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Finite Verb

The article deals with the use of simplex and compound (prefixed) verbs in narrative text. Main clauses comprising finite verb forms in the past and in the past habitual tense are examined in an attempt to establish to what extent simplex and compound verbs exhibit aspect oppositions, and whether a correlation exists between the occurrence of simplex vs. compound verbs and distinct textual units. The investigation shows that although simple and compound verbs in Lithuanian are not in direct aspect opposition to each other, in the background text portions most of the verbs are prefixless past tense forms or habitual forms, whereas in the plot-advancing text portions, the vast majority of verbs are compound verbs in the simple past tense.  

scholarly journals Attributive function of the instrumental case with the semantics of the method of action in the dialects of the Carpathian region

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Individual Action ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Instrumental Case ◽  
External Characteristics

The article clarifies the structural and semantic features of the attributive in the form of the instrumental case with the semantics of the mode of action in the dialects of Transcarpathia. The functional essence of the attributive is considered, which are called the signs of individual actions, situations of objective reality. Highlighted the functional essence of the attributive instrumental case in the position of the adverb. The purpose of this article is to highlight the formal-syntactic features and semantic manifestations of the peripheral zone of attributiveness, namely, the attributes with the semantics of the mode of action in the form of the instrumental case. The instrumental attributes in the studied dialects characterize various actions, situations and retain semantic and morphological connections with words, phrases, and sentences. They can be synonymous with nouns in other indirect cases or with verb constructions in the form of subordinate clauses. Their ability to convey variable, temporal and situational signs is associated with a specific subject correlation with the attributives in the form of the instrumental case. Achievement of this goal presupposes the solution of the following specific tasks: 1) to establish the initial semantically elementary sentence that underlies the attributives with the semantics of the mode of action, the lexical meanings of the supporting and dependent components; 2) find out the functional and semantic meaning of the attributive syntaxem. Within the framework of the attributive components in the form of the instrumental case, having the semantics of the mode of action, one can distinguish groups: the names of the methods of production processes, the names of the external characteristics of movement in space, the names of the generalized characteristics of the action, characteristics as a result of an action, the external characteristics of a person or animal; the names of the external characteristics of plants; the names of a qualitative characteristic of an individual action.

Missionary linguistics in the Kimberley, Western Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Language Documentation ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Noun Class ◽  
Aboriginal Languages ◽  
Primary Contribution ◽  
Compound Verb

Summary This paper explores the contribution of missionary linguists to the documentation, description, and maintenance of Aboriginal languages of the Kimberley region of Western Australia from the establishment of the first enduring mission in 1890 to 1960. It is argued that the primary contribution was to language documentation. However, the descriptive contribution was not negligible, and many missionary linguists struggled intelligently with the descriptive challenges confronting them (ergative case-marking, noun-class systems, compound verb constructions, etc.). Rather than being rigidly bound by the Latinate model, they modified it in various ways (usually not explicitly discussed), including by using traditional terminology in novel ways.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Verba Kompon -Kiru Dan -Nuku Sebagai Penanda Aspek Perfektif Dalam Bahasa Jepang

KIRYOKU ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Ika Hesti Aprilia Nindia Rini
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
End Point ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Compound Verb

(Title: Comparison of Compounds Verbs -Kiru and -Nuku as Perfective Aspects Markers in Japanese) Compound verbs -kiru and -nuku are known as markers of perfective aspects that express the meaning of completion. This study aims to describe the similarities and differences in the meanings of compounds verbs -kiru and -nuku as markers of perfective aspects. The method used in this research is descriptive method. As a result of the study it was found that even though they stated the meaning of completion, the compound verb -kiru had a focus on the end point when the main part separated, while compound verb -nuku had a focus on the process. Besides adverb which follows the compound verb -kiru and  -nuku is not the same. Compound verb -kiru followed by adverb saigo made and subete, whereas compound verb -nuku is followed by adverb akumade, tetteiteki, ikkan shite, hitosuji ni, tokoton, and dokomademo.

On the role of input for children’s early production of bare infinitives in German and French

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-90
Author(s):  
Sabine Laaha ◽  
Dominique Bassano
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Phase ◽  
Lexical Effects ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Early Production ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Finite Verb

The “optional infinitive” phenomenon, i.e. the existence of an early developmental phase in which children show a strong preference for using bare non-finite verb forms, has been the subject of many studies and much controversy. The aim of this study is to assess the role of distributional characteristics of the input for children’s early production of bare infinitives in two languages, German and French. For this purpose, three different input variables are investigated: the frequency, informativeness and salience of infinitives in child-directed speech. Results show that salience is the best predictor for the distribution of bare infinitives in the very early phase of development. Furthermore, lexical effects of individual verb forms on the patterning of bare infinitives in child speech are found which further support the constructivist idea that bare infinitives reflect the child’s learning of verb forms from compound finite verb constructions in the input.

The diachrony of light and auxiliary verbs in Indo-Aryan

Diachronica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Slade
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Light Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Light Verb Constructions ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Compound Verb

This study examines the historical development of light verbs in Indo-Aryan. I investigate the origins of the modern Indo-Aryan compound verb construction, and compare this construction with other light verb constructions in Indo-Aryan. Examination of the antecedents of the Indo-Aryan compound verb construction alongside other Indo-Aryan light verb constructions, combined with analysis of lexical and morphosyntactic differences between the compound verb systems of two Indo-Aryan languages (Hindi and Nepali), demonstrate that light verbs are not a stable or unchanging part of grammar, but rather undergo a variety of changes, including reanalysis as tense/aspect auxiliaries.

scholarly journals Grammatical-pragmatic aspects of teaching verb forms to non-Georgian speakers

2021 ◽  
Vol X (3) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Rusudan Saginadze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Teaching Process ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

For non-Georgian speakers, in the process of teaching the Georgian language, it is crucial to overcome the problems that accompany the understanding, comprehension and mastering of verb forms. The complexity and diversity that is characteristic to the Georgian verb is conditioned not only by polypersonalism or even by the large number and functional richness of the prepositions, but also by the variety of lexical means. The Georgian language has inexhaustible means to produce new verb forms, in order to give the speaker (speaking individual) opportunity to express the new semantics more accurately, to specify the utterance and to add more clarity to the meaning. For example, if a language learner expresses a desire to perform an action, then it is better to first get him/her used to the infinitive constructions of the verbs including მინდა (მსურს) minda (msurs) I want (I would like), for example, I want (I would like) წაკითხვა tsakitkhva – to read (მუშაობა mushaoba – work... წასვლა tsasvla – go, დადგომა dadgoma – stand... თქმა tqma – say, ჩაცმა chatsma – dress...). In the next level of language learning, we can also introduce verb constructions expressing the desired action: I want (I would like) წავიკითხო tsavikitkho – to read (ვიმუშაო vimushao – to work... წავიდე tsavide – to go, დავდგე davdge – to stand... ვთქვა vtqva – to say, ჩავიცვა chavitsva – to put on)... This will also prepare the ground for the language learner to express the obligation with the help of a particle უნდა unda (I must): unda tsavikitkho – I must read (vimushao – work... tsavide – go, davdge – stand... vtqva – say, chavitsva – put on)... He/she could easily build relatively extensive constructions: qartuli ena kargad unda vistsavlo – "I must learn Georgian well"; dghes bevri unda vimushao – "I must work a lot today"; khval universitetshi unda tsavide – "I must go to university tomorrow"; dilit adre unda avdge – "I must get up early in the morning"; es teqsti zepirad unda vtqva? – "Should I say this text orally?"; Tbilad unda chavitsva – "I must dress warmly". The report will provide extensive material to demonstrate the grammatical and lexical means that will make the learning / teaching process of verb forms easier for non-Georgian speakers.

scholarly journals Revisiting Manner/Result Complementarity: with evidence from Japanese and Chinese verb compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Wenchao LI
Keyword(s):  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Verb Compounds ◽  
Compound Verb

This paper brings data of verb compounds (V-Vs) from Japanese and Chinese, in an effort to uncover two issues: (a) whether the lexicalisation constraint (i.e. manner/result complementarity) applies to the languages that contain compound verbs; (b) how complex it can be to build compound verb. The finding reveals that manner and result are well encoded in most Japanese verb compounds, which gives rise to the assumption that the complementary constraint is not applicable to Japanese. In Chinese, the application of manner/result complementarity varies according to the types of V-V. In pair relation V-V, only manner meaning is conveyed. In predicate-complement V-V, both manner and result are lexicalised, with V1 encoding the manner and V2 denoting the result. Modifier-predicate V-V appears to only convey the manner. The conclusion emerging from the differing applications in the languages is that the manner/result complementary constraint does not apply to the languages that extensively employ verb compounds. 

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