HORSE-RIDER IMAGE ON THE COINS OF THE EASTERN CELTS AND THE CULT OF CELTIC WAR GODDESS

The article deals with the iconography of the Celtic coins which come from the South-Eastern Europe. Main attention is paid to the coins found in the Trans-Carpathian region of Ukraine. The aim of this article is to shed light on symbolism of the Celtic coins, in particular on a horse-rider figure on the reverse of these coins. Research methodology is based on the structuralist approach. The scientific novelty. The author shows how the imagery of the coins was connected to the Celtic religious beliefs and cults. The Celtic issues from the Trans-Carpathian region were derived chiefly from the coins of Philip II and Audoleon. A horse-rider image is present on almost all of the Celtic coins from the Trans-Carpathian area and nearby regions. While on most of coins the rider’s figure is highly schematized, some of them contain a detailed image of a female figure. There is no reason to suggest that the Celtic women used to lead their communities or were widely involved in the warfare as military leaders or individual fighters. At the same time, their significance in the religious and ideological spheres of warfare was great. One can assume that the horse-rider depicted on the Celtic coins was considered rather as an image of deity associated with war, fertility and horse-breeding. It is highly probable that this deity in fact was Epona or other related goddess. The coins were widely used in both trade and ritual practices. In particular, the Classical sources mention the Celtic ritual of devotion of coins to the goddess of hunting. The findings of coins with chop-marks, similar to those found in the Gallic and Gallo-Roman sanctuaries, should be mentioned in this context as well.

Folklore of Chadetsky Highlanders from Bukovyna

The article is the first part of a work conceived by the author, dedicated to the folk musical traditions of the ethnic group of Poles who migrated from the western Beskyds more than 200 years ago (namely, from the vicinity of the city of Chadca, located on the Kisuca River, northern Slovakia) to the Romanian part of the Carpathians, called Bukovyna. The name of this ethnic group in Poland is gorali czadecki = Chadian gurals. Their descendants still live in several settlements of the Carpathian Bukovyna: the villages of Plesha, Solonetul Nou and Poiana Mikuli, located in the basin of the Humora River in the Suceava region of Romania. The traditional culture of the Chadian highlanders, in particular their musical folklore, is still insufficiently studied by scientists. The material on which the ethnomusical part of the article is based was mainly collected by the author in the course of his own expeditionary research in these territories in the 2000s. A significant part of the article is a summary of the history of the origin and migrations of this group, as well as ethnographic information about it. After all, complex and varied historical events (mainly the so-called «Volosh colonization», which began in the XII century: the resettlement of the Romanian-speaking population to the Carpathian region from the Northern Balkans, historical Transylvania and Moldova), as well as natural landscape living conditions – cattle breeding in high-mountain pastures) identified some of the features of their traditional musical culture. The second section of the publication is a general overview of the main vocal genres of the Chadetsky gurals living in Bukovyna. A specific marker of the local singing repertoire is taidans (local name) – ritual (mostly wedding) or non-ritual (shepherd's) songs / choruses with verses 6 + 6 in a two-line stanza. Their texts are predominantly monostrophic, following in each performance in no particular order. The article examines the problematic aspects of the genre interpretation of these works: these are full-fledged songs or choruses, where words are more important. Memorial songs (of a religious nature) and lamentation over the departed still occupy an important place in traditional life. The memories of older respondents keep archaic games held at night near the dead. Christmas carols of various types, performed by different age groups of carol singers, are still an actively widespread genre: children, youth – the «young brotherhood» (with mummers), older men - the «old brotherhood». Also known is the children's ritual of sowing grain in houses on New Year's morning. Information about song genres is presented in the context of their functioning in everyday life and rituals

The Instrumental Component of the Epic Genres of the Carpathian Tradition

If the context of the performance of ritual and dance music is described in detail in a number of monographs at the beginning and middle of the last century, then with descriptions of the existence of epic genres the situation is somewhat different. Most collections of epic songs contain verbal and musical texts, however, the context of the performance, the number of performers, and the instrumental component are not always described. The article is devoted to the epic genres of folklore of the Ukrainians of the Carpathians. The article examines the modern existence of such epic genres of Ukrainian Carpathian folklore as psalm, song-chronicle, ballad. The aim of the study is to show the epic genres of folklore of the Ukrainian Carpathians in the context of its modern existence in the Carpathian village and in connection with the instrumental tradition of the region. The study covers Eastern Galicia (Halychyna), in particular Galician Hutsulshchyna and Pokuttia (Pokucie), where the author's fieldwork took place. Modern field recordings of psalms, which were previously carried by itinerant lyre players, indicate that the works of this genre in some places have survived to this day due to their inclusion in the calendar tradition. Some of them are preserved as Christmas and Lenten songs. So, in the village Stary Lisets of the Tysmenytsa district of IvanoFrankivsk region, the psalm «About Stratenska Virgin Mary» about the siege of the monastery by the Tatars became a carol. In the Kosiv and Verkhovyna districts of Ivano-Frankivsk region (Galician Hutsulshchyna), songs-chronicles («novyny») continue to exist. This genre of Ukrainian folklore appeared in the 17th century. Songs-chronicles reflect historical events from the time of the opryshky movement to the present day and family and household dramas. In the village Khymchyn of the Kosiv region, the author of these lines was lucky to record two songs-chronicles – about Dovbush and about the First World War. The performer alternated singing with playing on a sopilka-dencivka. The author finds out ideas of the bearers of the tradition about the correct performance of songs-chronicles. The classical performance of chronicle songs is predominantly solo (one singer and one accompanist-instrumentalist). Folk ballads that exist in the modern Carpathian region can be divided into local and late ones, a significant part of which came from the Central regions of Ukraine in the 20th century. At the same time, part of the late ballads comes from the ancient ones that arose on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians in the 17th–18th centuries. Evidence of the 20th century and the records of modern collectors of Carpathian folklore show that the performance of ancient Carpathian ballads is close to the performance of songs-chronicles. Old Carpathian ballads are characterized by a declamatory manner of singing accompanied by a violin, hurdy-gurdy or sopilka-flute and a narrow ambitus. Old ballads are associated with individual performance and folk-professional instrumentalism. Nowadays they can be heard less often than late ballads associated with collective choral singing. To get a complete picture of the context of the existence of the ancient Carpathian ballads, it is necessary to interview the inhabitants of the villages where they were recorded in the XX – at the beginning of the XXI century – Kornych, Myshyn, Cherni Oslavy, Velykyi Klyuchiv and Kosmach.

SEISMICITY of the CARPATHIANS in 2015

The article describes seismic observations in the Carpathian region in 2015, which were carried out, as before, by two organizations from two states: in Ukraine – the Seismicity department of the Carpathian region of the Institute of Geophysics of the NAS of Ukraine, in Moldova – the Seismology laboratory of the Institute of Geology and Seismology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. 20 stationary digital stations with a processing center in L'viv and six stations with a center in Chisinau operated in Ukraine and Moldova respectively. Different programs, local hodographs and magnitudes were used. The consolidated catalogue of earthquakes was created in L'viv. The total number of earthquakes in 2015 was NΣ=164 in the ranges: KR=4.7–12.2, h=1–160 km. The total seismic energy ΣE=5.381012 J. 23 earthquakes with depths h=50–160 km were located in the Vrancea zone. The maximum earthquake with KR=12.2 was registered on January 24 in the Vrancha mountains with hрР=89 km. In the Precarpathian region, nine events with energy classes KR=4.7–8.9 were registered, the total seismic energy of which is ΣЕ=1.25109 J. Increased seismic activity was observed in Transcarpathia. A series of tangible earthquakes with aftershocks was recorded in the Tyachiv area. Their total number was NΣ=77. The strongest tangible earthquake occurred in the area of Okrugla village on July 19 with KR=11.1. The earthquake source is located in the Earth's crust at a depth of h=7.7 km. The earthquake was felt by the population in the epicentral area with an intensity of I=6. In addition, this earthquake, like 5 others, was felt in the territory of northern Romania. In general, a decrease in the seismicity level in the Carpathians in 2015 was observed compared to that in 2013 and 2014.

MIGRATION MOBILITY OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION YOUTH: PROPOSITION OF IMPROVEMENT OF INFORMATION -ANALYTIC SUPPORT OF REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY

The development of the new information-driven society along with the penetration of the globalization processes in all social and economic activities became the entities of the liberalization of the migration relations, which simplify in general the youth moving and increase its mobility. Based on statistics and administrative data analysis about youth migration from Carpathian Region it was determined that quick spreading of the positive migration aspirations among the youthful population gets new looms and can lead to the migration deprivation ramp-ups in the Carpathian Region in the future. Mainstreaming of the external migration climate and escalation of the problem are also heavily mandated by the entity of the passive state and regional migration policy, which manifests through immature system of the real complex migration registration, unfinished state of system of the institutional-organizational and institutional-legal regulation of the migration processes at the regional and local levels, low quality and low organizational and technical options of the migration services’ infrastructure elements, insufficient use of the resources of the migration exchange programs in the field of education, science, innovation and research activities, tourism, investment and business projects, the lack of regional programs of the stimulation of the educational and labor migrants’ re-emigration. In the attempt to eliminate gaps in migration policy and minimize the risks and threats of the growth of migration activity of the Carpathian Region youth, the instruments and methods of external migration monitoring system’s improvement, the development of the regional databases of migration structural-dynamic characteristics, the development of migration policy preventive instruments aimed to regulation of the regional labor markets, and the corresponding implementation of the migration services market infrastructure’s development, stimulation of the educational and labor migrants’ re-emigration, improvement of the migration policy institutional support in the Carpathian Region were proposed.

COMPETITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CORRECTION OF THEIR SECTORAL STRUCTURE

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the competitive development of regional agricultural producers in terms of correction of their sectoral structure in the context of European integration processes. Methodology / methodology / approach. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of cognition, a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena and processes, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the theory and practice of competitive development of agricultural production considering exogenous and endogenous factors. Of the special research methods used economic and statistical — in analyzing the current state and forecasting the prospects for competitive development of regional agricultural producers in terms of European integration processes, graphical — to determine the projected volumes of livestock products on farms in the Carpathian region of Ukraine, abstract and logical substantiation of the institutional and economic mechanism of competitive development of agricultural producers of the Carpathian region of Ukraine in the context of correction of their branch structure. Results. The study revealed that given the possibility of establishing cross-border partnerships, deepening economic European integration with EU countries, an important economic priority of regional agricultural producers in the Carpathian region of Ukraine is the ability to form a market for various types of agri-food products with a geographical indication. The Carpathian region of Ukraine has a strong enough land and resource potential for the production of quality and safe dairy products with high added value. According to the calculations, provided the use of competitive advantages, which are enshrined in law in the EU, in the study region, the potential production of the most important livestock products — milk on farms can increase from 14 thousand tons to 252 thousand tons, or 18 times. In the region, the revival of traditional areas of specialization in agricultural production will contribute to the correction of its sectoral structure, improving organizational and economic conditions for self-sufficiency in livestock products, minimizing economic risk due to expanding areas of specialization, reducing transaction costs for transportation and sales enterprises of various organizational and legal forms of management that will produce products with high added value. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, the organizational and economic principles of optimizing the sectoral structure of regional agricultural producers, considering the competitive advantages that are enshrined in law in the EU. Practical value / significance. According to the calculations in the Carpathian region, taking into account the principle of bonus of 10.0% for agri-food organic, including niche or craft livestock products with a geographical indication will adjust the industry structure of agricultural enterprises in accordance with scientifically sound requirements and increase the traditional level of production at the same time, the vital type of food products — milk by 13.0—22.0 percentage points. Keywords: competitive development, industry structure, agricultural products, competitive advantages, environmental marketing, region. JEL Classification G21, M21 Formulas: 0; fig.: 4; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 20.

Development and Problematic Issues of Ukraine's Partnership with the Neighbouring EU Member States

The paper highlights development and some problematic issues of Ukraine's relations with the neighbouring European Union Member States - the Republic of Poland, Hungary, Romania and the Slovak Republic, that have been escalated and exploited from time to time by the Russian Federation. This situation poses a potential threat to Ukraine and international security in the Carpathian region and needs to be resolved as soon as possible. This also emphasizes the aggravation of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations after a conservative and essentially authoritarian government, headed by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, had come into power in 2010. A perceptible increase in tension between the parties is related to Ukraine's 2017 Education Act and the situation of the Hungarian national minority in Transcarpathia. Additionally, the paper focuses on Ukrainian-Polish contradictions in issues of historical memory and problems of Ukrainian migrants in Poland, Ukrainian-Romanian territorial disputes and some problems of Ukrainian-Slovak relations, in particular regarding the "Rusyns question" and so on. The author stresses that Ukraine belongs geographically and politically to Central Europe, therefore the states of this region are its most obvious friends and partners, and the task of governmental, regional and public institutions, international organisations and regional groupings is to overcome existing conflict situations and problems in mutual relations by joint active and consistent efforts. The factor of European integration, economic cooperation and interdependence of neighbouring countries, security challenges in Europe from Russia's aggression and the latest threats in contemporary international relations are strong levers for this, as well as for deepening interstate partnership and neighbourly, mutually beneficial cooperation between peoples of the Carpathian region

PROSPECTS OF PREPARATION OF DISHES WITH PREVENTIVE PROPERTIES BY INTRODUCTION OF NON-TRADITIONAL RAW MATERIALS

The use of non-traditional and including wild raw materials for introduction into restaurant dishes is relevant because it improves the biological effect of dishes on the human body, improves taste, aroma and other properties. Nowadays the effect of biologically active substances of plant origin for the creation of dishes remains insufficiently studied. The purpose of this work is to search for non-traditional raw materials with a significant content of biologically active substances among the plants of the Carpathian region and to develop the technology of their introduction into restaurant dishes. The paper presents an analysis of the introduction of non-traditional raw materials into dishes and proposes innovative approaches to improve the technology of creating preventive dishes with the addition of wild raw materials of the Carpathian region. The properties of non-traditional raw materials of local origin are considered and the priority directions of its use in the development of dishes with health-improving properties for restaurants are proposed. Additional substantiation of introduction of non-traditional raw materials into restaurant dishes is carried out; changes in technology of production of restaurant dishes with use of the modern restaurant equipment are offered. The article proposes the use of technology for making a multi-component mixture of wild raw materials in the form of puree for introduction into restaurant dishes. The introduction of plant mixtures to prevent disease, create consumer immunity, draw attention to the updated range of dishes, the acquisition of new original flavors of dishes is an urgent task for modern restaurateurs. That is why an example of developing typical dishes from the collection of recipes for updating their range with health and preventive effect is shown.

Investigation of buffer capacity of the recreational environmental through the self-purification of natural-technogenic hydroecosystems in the Carpathian region

The aim of research was to investigate the theoretical and practical aspects of the buffer capacity of the recreational environment of the Carpathian region of Ukraine through the improvement of self-purification assessment on the example of natural-technogenic hydroecosystems. Studies of the self-purification process were carried out on the example of the right tributaries of the river Svicha in the Carpathian region, which are water intakes of wastewater from the oil and gas industry enterprise of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The main factors influencing the natural process of self-purification of natural watercourses are determined. As a result, the indicator of wastewater dilution intensity was improved with the substantiation of the proposed coefficients, which depend on the value of the river flow velocity and water temperature. A scale for assessing surface waters has been developed, that allows to determine the degree of natural self-purification of water from pollutants. Based on the results of the analysis of selected water samples, the pattern of self-purification of natural watercourses from oil products is obtained, which will allow to make forecast maps of the buffer capacity of the recreational environment of the Carpathian region. A regression analysis was performed, which proves the relationship between the content of petroleum products and the distance of their distribution from the source of pollution in the Lushchava River. Fisher's F-test was used to check the significance of the dependence. The reliability of the relationship between the indicators is confirmed by the coefficient of determination (D = r2), which is 0.96. Summarizing the results of the study the scale of estimation of natural self-purification of surface waters from pollutants depending on the calculated indicator of wastewater dilution intensity which’s criteria are the accounting for speed of a river flow and a temperature mode is offered. When establishing the range of n values, the average value of the calculated indicator of the intensity of wastewater dilution for the studied rivers, which is 4, was taken into account. As a result, the proposed scale of assessment of natural self-purification of surface waters allows to determine the degree of self-purification of the right tributaries of the river Svicha, which is necessary for further forecasting of water pollution in the Carpathian region.