GRAMMATICALIZATION OF CONTRACTED COMPOUND VERB FORMS IN MALOKARACHKINSKIJ DIALECT OF CHUVASH LANGUAGE

Глаголы jar/jer ‘пускать’, jol ‘остаться’, il ‘брать’ и yk ‘падать’ в малокарачкинском говоре чувашского языка могут образовывать сложные глаголы — конструкции, состоящие из двух глагольных форм, но описывающие единую ситуацию. В малокарачкинском говоре в таких конструкциях происходит фонетическое явление стяжения: xəra za yk r ë (испугаться CV_SIM падать PST 3SG)> xəra z=yk r ë (испугаться CV_SIM падать PST 3SG) ‘упал(а)’. Стяжённые формы сложных глаголов отличаются от других сложноглагольных конструкций не только фонетически (выпадение последнего гласного деепричастия на -sa, выпадение начального j вершины, чередование гласных в основе вершины jar/jer ‘пускать’), но и по ряду морфосинтаксических признаков (место присоединения аффиксов каузатива и аттенуатива). На то, что появление стяжённых форм — это часть процесса грамматикализации сложных глаголов, указывает и то, что глаголы, не образующие стяжённых форм, но обладающие в составе сложноглагольной конструкции грамматическим значением, так же претерпевают фонетические изменения. В статье разобран пример глагола kaj ‘уходить’, у которого в сложноглагольной конструкции, как показал эксперимент с чтением диалектного текста, часто озвончается первый согласный. Это сближает глагол kaj ‘уходить’ с аффиксами, согласные в которых в малокарачкинском говоре обычно озвончаются в интервокальной позиции. В статье также рассматриваются семантические свойства глагола yk ‘падать’, образующего стяжённые сложные глаголы. Несмотря на общее грамматическое значение этого глагола в составе сложногагольной конструкции — вхождения в состояние или процесс, глагол yk ‘падать’ сохраняет некоторые элементы своего лексического значения, которые влияют на его сочетаемость как вершины сложного глагола: вхождение в состояние или процесс может быть только мгновенным, конструкции с пунктивными глаголами приобретают значение неожиданности и/или интенсивности, глаголы разрушения без семантики падения и глаголы с семантикой увеличения и повышения не могут сочетаться с yk ‘падать’. Материалы для статьи были собраны автором в экспедициях в село Малое Карачкино Чувашской Республики, кроме того используются примеры из экспедиционного корпуса и из литературы, приводятся некоторые сравнения с литературным чувашским языком. The article presents the results of the research of the contracted forms of compound verbs in Malokarachkinskij dialect of Chuvash language. Four verbs jar/jer ‘let’, jol ‘remain’, il ‘take’ and yk ‘fall’ can be the heads of the contracted forms of compound verbs. These forms differ from the full ones not only phonetically but also morphologically. At the same time, certain semantic features of these four verbs remain present even when they become heads of the compound verb constructions, thus restraining their distribution.

ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS USED IN THE JAKARTA POST HEALTH COLUMN ON THIRD WEEK OF APRIL 2020

This study aims to describe the formation and the meaning of compound words that related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020. There are two research question in this study: (1) What are the type of COVID-19 compound words and their lexical categories found in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020, and (2) How does those related COVID-19 compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer uses the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed that there are 26 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of April 2020. Based on the type of compound words, there are 86.4% compound noun, 11.5% compound adjective, and 3.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun+Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are are 80.76% endocentric compounds and 19.24% exocentric compounds.Keywords: Compound words, COVID-19, Morphology, Semantics

The Hindi-Urdu compound verb and its covert semantics

The first section of this chapter shows how use of quantitative online data can shed light on the semantic and syntactic properties of the Hindi-Urdu compound verb when compared to the compound verb in other Indo-Aryan languages like Marathi and Nepali. The second and third parts of the chapter demonstrate a contrast in the use of compound versus?noncompound verbs in referring to imagined versus real natural events and interpret that contrast as reflecting the conscious reception of information by the prepared mind as opposed to the sudden reception of new information by the unprepared mind (Bashir 1993). This contrast is robust in languages like Hindi-Urdu where the alternation of compound versus noncompound forms of the verb has taken on paradigmatic value and has developed the power to reflect abstract mental states.

Verb + verb sequences in Dravidian

This chapter analyzes compound verb constructions in the Dravidian language family. Drawing on data from all four subgroups, two broad constructions emerge: auxiliary compound verbs and lexical compound verbs. The former provide complex morphosyntactic vehicles for verbal categories or combinations of categories not found in the simple verb inflections of a language; the latter provide similar vehicles to encode lexical meanings not found in simple lexemes of the language. A third construction, reduplicated compounds, is also analyzed. A brief comparison in made between the pattern of these verb + verb sequences in Dravidian and patterns found in other language families.

Classification of complex verbs and the evolution of the compound verb in Marathi

Starting with examination of the contentious issue in Marathi grammar concerning the classification of morphologically complex verbs including Noun + Verb, Adverb + Verb, and Verb1?(nonfinite) + Verb2?(desinence), this chapter first proposes a set of criteria for distinguishing vector verbs from auxiliary verbs and thereby identifies a functionally coherent subgroup of compound verbs consisting of a main verb (V1) and a vector verb (V2). Discussion then moves on to the ontogeny of vector verbs in this type of compound verb (CV). Statistical evidence shows a steady increase in the CV to non-CV ratio along with an increase in the number of vector verbs. The qualitative and quantitative changes the CV has undergone in a diachronic process spanning over 700 years demonstrate that vector verbs are not eternal but are subject to change,?pace?Miriam Butt and her colleagues, who contend that light verbs are stable through time.

Phonological Reduction in Pashto

The study is concerned with the phonological reduction in Pashto. The study particularly focuses on the reduction in the structure of complex predicates, verbal clitics and postpositional phrases in Pashto. The study finds out that the phonological reduction has syntactic/semantic or phonological factors allowing or constraining it. These more or less reduced and expanded forms are closely related to a number of linguistics abstractions. In structures with verbal clitics and postpositions, the reduction is optional, while in structure with complex predicates, the phonological reduction is obligatory if the compound verb denotes imperfective aspect. The obligatory reduction makes a single phonological unit from two syntactic units by omitting consonants or vowels in the structure of the phrase. The reduction is avoided if it creates an ambiguity of some kind or if the meaning of the lexical items is changed, and so, its allowance in one structure is constrained in another.

Atypical Compound Verb Constructions in Hindi/Urdu

While a lot of research has already been done on defining compound verb constructions and understanding their semantic and pragmatic usages, there is still a gap when it comes to our understanding of atypical compound verb constructions where transitive polar verbs are paired with intransitive vector verbs and vice versa. In this paper we focus on atypical constructions with two intransitive vector verbs: jānā and baiṭhnā. We collate and review the different meanings that scholars have ascribed to these constructions and present our own analysis. We conclude that the main reason behind using an intransitive vector verb with a transitive polar verb is to reduce the transitivity of the action by implying reduced agency on the part of the Agent-like argument of the sentence. In addition to that, the use of an intransitive vector verb with a transitive polar verb also tells us which argument in the sentence is affected by the action from the point of view of the speaker. However, sometimes atypical constructions are also used by the speaker to express his/her shock or astonishment over a particular event, thus imposing his/her own ideas about agency, volitionality, and affectedness on the action being observed.

KATA MAJEMUK DALAM TEKS BERITA DARING CNN INTERNARTIONAL EDISI SEPTEMBER 2019: KAJIAN MORFOLOGI

The title of this research is “Compounding in CNN International Online Newspaper September, 2019: Morphological Studies”. this research aims to describe the compounding form and compounding category in CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019. The method in this research is used qualitative descriptive research method. The data in this research were obtined by reading the CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019. The result of this research shows that the compounding process in CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019 can be classified into two forms they are writing forms and compounding forms. In writing forms they are open form and close form and the form of compounding they are endocentric compound (which has a head of compound words) and exocentric compound (which has no a head of a compound word). The category of the data they are compound noun (noun+noun/verb+noun) and compound verb (noun+verb).