scholarly journals A Note on the Energy Structure Theory and Development for 2D Viscoelasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shahsavari ◽  
Mehran Moradi ◽  
Mehran Moradi ◽  
Navid Sayyar ◽  
Mehdi Kiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Structure Equation ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Scientific Applications ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Energy Component ◽  
General Physics ◽  
Energy Components

The basis of the Energy Structure Theory can be introduced in references [1-5] presented in 2020. Energy Structure Theory explains some new thermo-physical concepts including energy space, energy structure equation, dependent and independent energy components, irreversibility components, irreversibility structure, etc. Since this theory is presented considering the first and second laws of thermodynamics as well as energy components of the system as the basis of the energy structure equation, this theory can be expanded for a variety of the scientific applications. For example, in this note, we will try to introduce some of these scientific applications in general physics and engineering analysis. Also, using relevant concepts, 2D viscoelasticity problems will be studied. Also, the viscoelasticity and kinematic energy will be calculated for 2D viscoelasticity problems. Energy structure theory let us to study physical processes from the perspective of the componential energy exchange as well as independent and dependent energy component concept introduced by this theory.

scholarly journals A Study of the Entropy Production in Physical Processes from a New Perspective of the Energy Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shahsavari ◽  
Mehran Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Physical Process ◽  
Structure Equation ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
The Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Energy Components

When a physical process is performed, identifying the generated entropy can be used to investigate the irreversibility. But for this mean, from the perspective of the Boltzmann equation, both all microstates and macrostates must be studied. In fact, it is needed that all particles energy level to be investigated. Therefore, to investigate entropy in configurationally systems using the Boltzmann equation, a very large volume of calculations is required. In this study, we try to extract a way to investigate entropy production without the need to study all particles (or sub-structures). For this purpose, at first, a macroscopic energy structure equation “as an equation that shows the energy components of the system activated in the performed process as well as their dependence” is presented. As a study on the irreversibility (or entropy production) in physical systems, its structure and components are studied. Writing equations in the energy space of the system makes it possible to study the structure of irreversibility. Then using a new macroscopic quasi-statistical approach, the irreversibility and its structure in physical processes are investigated. Macro energy components of the system are used for this investigation and energy structure is studied base on them. Finally, a new macroscopic definition of the generated entropy is extracted using a new energy structure equation as well as dependent and independent macroscopic energy component concepts. Also, why and what entropy can be generated, from the perspective of the presented macroscopic energy structure equation are studied. In fact, this paper investigates the generated entropy structure in physical systems using macroscopic system energy components and takes a new approach to why and what irreversibility is occurred during the physical process. Therefore, presented equations can be used for investigating the irreversibility in configurationally physical systems without the need to study all its sub structures. Also, from the extracted equations, it can be concluded that entropy is generated because of the existence of the dependent energy components in the energy structure equation of the system, and this generated entropy depends on the variation of these components as well as the amount of the applied energy to the system and its conditions. Due to the kinematic theory of dissipated energy, these results are in the same line with the different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics.  

scholarly journals A General Solution to the Different Formulations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Saeed Shahsavari ◽  
Mehran Moradi
Keyword(s):  
General Solution ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
New Approach ◽  
General Physics ◽  
Classical Thermodynamics ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Energy Components

The second law of thermodynamics is one of the most important physical laws that has been extracted by different formulations. In this paper, a new approach to study different formulations of the second law is extracted based on the energy components of the system as well as introducing the independent and dependent energy components concepts. Also, two main formulations of classical thermodynamics, and also entropy from the perspective of general physics are discussed based on the energy components of the system for constant applied energy to the system in different conditions. Kelvin-Plank and Clausius formulations, as two main classical formulations, are all assertions about impossible processes. Considering the energy structure equation of the system, as an equation to formulate the performed process using activated energy components, it is shown that different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics represent the same concept in the perspective of the energy structure. Finally, a new general formulation to the second law, based on the energy structure of the system is extracted, and the equivalence as the other formulations is shown. The presented formulation is extracted based on the dependent and independent activated energy components, and in fact, shows all possible paths in the considered energy applying to the system.

scholarly journals An Applied Component Modeling to the Irreversibility from a New Configurationally Perspective of the Statistical Physics

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shahsavari ◽  
Mehran Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Physical Process ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Configurational Entropy ◽  
Structure Equation ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Energy Components

From the perspective of statistical physics (Boltzmann equation), configurational entropy can be calculated using the study of the microstates of the system. When a physical process is performed, identifying the entropy production can be used to investigate the irreversibility, but from the perspective of the Boltzmann equation, to study entropy production, both all microstates and macrostates must be studied. Therefore, a very large volume of calculations will be needed. In this report, using a new innovative energy structure equation, a new macroscopic component modeling is extracted to investigate the configurational irreversibility. To investigate the irreversibility in physical systems, the energy structure equation of the system can be studied in different paths. During performing a physical process, some activated energy components related to the reversible process and remain will be related to the irreversible process. In this report, also using a quasi-statistical approach, the structure of irreversible components is studied. When macroscopic energy components are the base of the equations, a very large volume of the needed calculations will be less than Boltzmann equation and in fact, studying all particles isn’t needed, but it is enough that a few macroscopic components to be investigated. Also, considering the theories of dissipated energy, the extracted equations have the same base as the different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Quantum chemical study of the structure, spectroscopy and reactivity of NO + .(H 2 O) n =1−5 clusters

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2115) ◽  
pp. 20170152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty A. Linton ◽  
Timothy G. Wright ◽  
Nicholas A. Besley
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chemical ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Quantum Chemical Study ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Quantum Chemical Methods ◽  
Moller Plesset

Quantum chemical methods including Møller–Plesset perturbation (MP2) theory and density functional theory (DFT) have been used to study the structure, spectroscopy and reactivity of NO + .(H 2 O) n =1−5 clusters. MP2/6-311++G** calculations are shown to describe the structure and spectroscopy of the clusters well. DFT calculations with exchange–correlation functionals with a low fraction of Hartree–Fock exchange give a binding energy of NO + .(H 2 O) that is too high and incorrectly predict the lowest energy structure of NO + .(H 2 O) 2 , and this error may be associated with a delocalization of charge onto the water molecule directly binding to NO + . Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were performed to study the NO + .(H 2 O) 5 H + .(H 2 O) 4 + HONO reaction to investigate the formation of HONO from NO + .(H 2 O) 5 . Whether an intracluster reaction to form HONO is observed depends on the level of electronic structure theory used. Of note is that methods that accurately describe the relative energies of the product and reactant clusters did not show reactions on the timescales studied. This suggests that in the upper atmosphere the reaction may occur owing to the energy present in the NO + .(H 2 O) 5 complex following its formation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modern theoretical chemistry’.

scholarly journals Hipparcos and Theory of Stellar Interiors

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-557
Author(s):  
A. Baglin
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
Stellar Structure ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Stellar Interiors

The theory of stellar interiors is generally considered as well settled, and many branches of astrophysics rely on its results. However, the true situation is not so bright. Despite great successes at its beginning, in the sixties, it has to deal with many physical processes, generally poorly understood, which have large influences on the results and the derived quantities, like for instance ages. After a rapid description of these difficulties, I will recall the majorquestions of the confrontation between theory and observations, and how HIPPARCOS can and will help. As an illustration, a few preliminary results will be presented, and future prospects foreseen. But, this short review is byno means exhaustive; there are many more results dealing directly or indirectly with stellar structure theory which have already been presented at theVenice Symposium (Perryman et al, 1997a), and many more, I am not aware of, will certainly appear soon.

scholarly journals On the Irreversibility in Mechanical Systems Using a New Macroscopic Energy Structure Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shahsavari ◽  
Mehran Moradi ◽  
Morteza Esmaeilpour
Keyword(s):  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Energy Components

This paper presents a macroscopic applied innovate modeling to study the performance effects of the second law of thermodynamics on the mechanical systems. To investigate the irreversibility in mechanical systems, the energy structure of the system can be studied. Some energy components relate to the reversible processes and remaining relate to the irreversible process. Exiting models are based on the studying sub structures and therefore, need a large volume of the calculations. In this paper, at first, using a macroscopic quasi-statistical approach, a new energy structure equation is extracted and by examining it’s variation in the different paths, the irreversible components as well as their structures are studied. Using the kinematic theories of dissipated energy, it can be concluded that the extracted equations have the same base as the different formulations of the second law of thermodynamics. Finally, as a mechanical system example with the possibility of irreversibility in the possible performed processes, the extracted equations are developed for viscoelasticity problems. And also the matching of the results with expected results is shown.

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