scholarly journals Japanese Maple Scale Activity and Management in Field Nursery Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Addesso ◽  
A. Blalock ◽  
P.A. O'Neal
Keyword(s):  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Armored Scale ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Large Peak ◽  
Multiple Component ◽  
Pronounced Peak

Japanese maple scale, Lopholeucaspis japonica Cockerell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is an armored scale found on the bark of many woody nursery and landscape plants. Scale crawler and male flight activity was monitored in middle Tennessee in fields of cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl. ‘Kwanzan’) for two seasons. Two generations of crawlers were observed, with a large peak of activity in late May and a second, less pronounced peak in August. Male flights occurred twice a year, in April and July. Spray and drench applications of insecticides were trialed in 2014 and 2015. Dormant oil applications reduced overwintering scale populations by 76%. Drench applications of imidacloprid in 2014 suppressed scale populations by 58% by four months following application and the following summer those same trees had no observable scale infestation. Summer trunk applications of pyriproxyfen were effective at managing scale crawlers while horticultural oil alone had no measurable effect. When scale populations were high at the outset of spring 2014, a dinotefuran drench application was ineffective after 90 days. Dinotefuran gave greater control in 2015 when scale populations were low prior to application. Based on these results, a multiple component program for field management of Japanese maple scale is recommended.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Potassium Requirements for Field-grown Areca and Mexican Fan Palms

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1567-1571
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fill Soil ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
K Deficiency

Potassium (K) deficiency is a widespread problem in palms growing in sandy or calcareous soils in southeastern United States. Its symptoms are highly conspicuous, reduce palm aesthetic appeal, are difficult to correct, and can be exacerbated by nitrogen (N) fertilization. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum fertilization rates and ratio for N and K in areca palm [Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf. and Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl.) growing in a calcareous sandy fill soil. Both species had their highest quality when fertilized with 12.2 g·m−2 N and 12.2 g·m−2 K from controlled-release (2–3 month release) sources every 3 months. Actual N and K application rates were better predictors of palm quality than N:K ratio at the highest fertilization rates that would be recommended for field nursery production. However, at lower application rates more typical of those used for landscape palm maintenance, palm quality improved as the N:K application ratio was decreased.

scholarly journals Impact of Cover Crop Usage on Soilborne Diseases in Field Nursery Production

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Dawadi ◽  
Fulya Baysal-Gurel ◽  
Karla M. Addesso ◽  
Jason B. Oliver ◽  
Terri Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
The Impact

Soilborne pathogens are a significant economic problem for nursery production in the Southeastern United States. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of cover crops on soilborne disease suppressiveness in such systems. Soils from red maple (Acer rubrum L.) plantation fields grown with and without cover crops were sampled, either while the cover crops were growing (pre-disked) or post-season, following cover crop incorporation into the soil (post-disked). Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using red maple seeds on inoculated (with Rhizoctonia solani (J.G. Kühn) or Phytophthora nicotianae (Breda de Haan)) and non-inoculated field soils. The damping-off, root rot disease severity, percent recovery of Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora, and pseudomonad population were examined during the two years of the experiment. Results showed that cover crop incorporation was beneficial for inducing disease supressiveness characteristics of soil. Cover crop incorporation into the soil significantly or numerically reduced disease severity and pathogen recovery in infested soil compared to the bare soil treatment. Cover crop incorporation was found to be partially associated with the reduction of seedling damping-off. The pseudomonad microbial population was greater when cover crop was present, and is thought to be antagonist to soilborne pathogens. Therefore, cover crops can be integrated in field nursery production systems to suppress soilborne pathogens.

scholarly journals Effects of Fumigant Alternatives to Methyl Bromide on Pest Control in Open Field Nursery Production of Perennial Fruit and Nut Plants

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally M. Schneider ◽  
Bradley D. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Phase Out

Nursery producers of perennial fruit and nut plants rely on preplant fumigation to meet regulatory requirements designed to ensure nematode-free planting stock. In the past, preplant treatments with methyl bromide or high rates of 1,3-dichloropropene were the preferred treatments. However, the phase out of methyl bromide due to environmental concerns and evolving regulations on the use of 1,3-dichloropropene has increased the need for effective and economical alternative fumigation treatments in open field nursery production. A field trial was conducted in a commercial nursery to test weed and nematode control with several tarped and untarped preplant applications of 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and iodomethane in comparison with methyl bromide. Crop safety and nematode infestation were evaluated on a wide range of tree, vine, and berry nursery stock. No fall fumigation treatment in this study resulted in measurable injury to spring-planted nursery stock. There were few statistical differences between methyl bromide and the other fumigation treatments in crop establishment, crop quality, or nematode level at planting 5 months after treatment, although some untarped treatments had detectable levels of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). At grape (Vitus vinifera) and bramble (Rubus spp.) harvest after the first growing season, few statistical differences were noted in the number of nematodes isolated from roots; however, only methyl bromide had nondetectable levels in all varieties. The highest nematode levels were usually found in untarped iodomethane:chloropicrin and untarped chloropicrin plots. At tree harvest 26 months after fumigation, root-knot nematodes were isolated from the roots of highly susceptible tree varieties in several iodomethane:chloropicrin treatments and in chloropicrin alone plots. Untarped applications did not provide commercially acceptable control of weeds or root-knot nematode in this trial. Tarped applications of 30:70 and 50:50 iodomethane:chloropicrin provided nematode control similar to 1,3-dichloropropene, although not as good as methyl bromide. Iodomethane:chloropicrin combinations have been registered in other states and should be considered for use in California perennial fruit and nut crop nurseries as an alternative to methyl bromide.

scholarly journals 814 PB 225 ADAPTABILITY OF ELITE SYCAMORE AND SWEETGUM PROVENANCES TO FIELD NURSERY PRODUCTION AND ESTABLISHMENT FOLLOWING BARE-ROOT TRANSPLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 550a-550
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
W. Edgar Davis
Keyword(s):  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Multiple Leaders ◽  
Primary Lateral

Growth and post-transplant establishment of half-sib seedlings from two elite sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) mother trees (Westvaco Corp.) and seedlings from a bulk seed lot from elite sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees (Scott Paper Co.) were compared to that of seedlings from a native (Cookeville, TN) sycamore tree and a commercial source of sweetgum seeds. Seedlings were grown under standard field nursery conditions for two years, dug hare-root in autumn, and transplanted to another site to simulate landscape planting. Growth of elite seedlings during production was increased by 11 to 22% in height and 10 to 118 in caliper compared to that of conventional seed sources. Growth differences were maintained following transplanting. The primary lateral root number at transplanting was increased by 2 to 3 on elite sycamore seedlings compared to conventional seedlings. The number of pruning cuts required to eliminate multiple leaders tended to be less for elite seed sources. Survival did not differ among seed sources within a species.

scholarly journals Impact of Landscape Tree Stabilization System and Nursery Production Method on Anchorage and Growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Stabilization System ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
One Year

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth and anchorage one year after landscape planting of red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Florida Flame’) from both a field and container nursery that were stabilized with above- or belowground systems. Trunk diameter increased more for trees planted from containers with soilless substrate (17 mm) than trees with a soil root ball from a field nursery (14 mm); however, there was no impact of nursery production method on tree height. Trees secured with a guying system grew less in trunk diameter than trees secured with a belowground system, with a tall wood stake system, or the non-staked control. Guyed trees were taller than trees secured with a root-ball stabilization system. More bending stress was required to winch trees transplanted from the field nursery than trees from containers immediately after releasing stakes one year after planting. There was no difference among stabilization systems in bending stress to winch to any trunk tilt angle, indicating similar anchorage across systems. Moreover, trees stabilized for one year required the same bending stress to winch as controls, indicating that stabilizing trees for one year with any of the systems tested did not reduce anchorage compared to non-stabilized trees.

scholarly journals Changes in Tree Root Architecture Resulting from Field Nursery Production Practices1

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Watson ◽  
Angela Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Main Root ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Production Practices

Abstract Nursery production practices subject tree root systems to mechanical and environmental factors that are not imposed on plants regenerated naturally from seed. Architecture of undisturbed root systems of nine trees species commonly planted in urban landscapes was compared to root architecture of these tree species produced using common field nursery production practices. When young nursery production seedlings are root-pruned prior to replanting, the loss of the lower portion of the main root and lateral roots emerging from it, and initiation of adventitious roots from the cut end, alter the root system architecture. Nursery production plants have 7 to 48 percent fewer natural lateral roots that could develop into flare roots than undisturbed plants. New roots initiated from the cut end of the main root on nursery production plants can substitute for the loss of lateral roots, if accepted practices are followed. Root architecture of trees is established early. With minor exceptions attributed to the loss of small roots less than 1 mm diameter, there were no significant changes in the number of lateral roots over the 4 year period in both nursery production and undisturbed plants. This consistent number of roots also suggests that pruning the main root did not stimulate additional lateral roots above the pruning cut. Root architecture of liner stock produced in nurseries can be equivalent to undisturbed root systems. Index words: Structural roots, root pruning, bare root, root depth, taproot, root flare. Species used in this study: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.); green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.); littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata L.); red maple (Acer rubrum L.); European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.); Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioicus L.); domestic apple (Malus spp.); red oak (Quercus rubra L.); Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila Jacq.).

scholarly journals Seasonal Cold Hardiness Differences of Three Woody Plant Taxa during the Production Stage and as Established Landscape Plants

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
Michael A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Production Stage ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Cold Hardy

Abstract Seasonal cold hardiness levels of Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia L. ‘Natchez’), Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A.B. Jacks.] ‘Haggerston Gray’ and Lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. Allee™) were determined for nursery production and established landscape plants grown at the same location. Differences in cold hardiness between the growth treatments were taxon specific. During October, November and December, nursery-grown crape myrtle plants were up to 11°C (20°F) less cold hardy than those established in the landscape. Differences in Leyland cypress cold hardiness were detected, but were not as great as in crape myrtle. During October, November and December newly transplanted Leyland cypresses were from 3 to 6°C (5 to 11°F) less cold hardy compared to established landscape plants. Differences occurred between nursery production and established landscape plants of lacebark elm in January and February.

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