scholarly journals 814 PB 225 ADAPTABILITY OF ELITE SYCAMORE AND SWEETGUM PROVENANCES TO FIELD NURSERY PRODUCTION AND ESTABLISHMENT FOLLOWING BARE-ROOT TRANSPLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 550a-550
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
W. Edgar Davis
Keyword(s):  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Multiple Leaders ◽  
Primary Lateral

Growth and post-transplant establishment of half-sib seedlings from two elite sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) mother trees (Westvaco Corp.) and seedlings from a bulk seed lot from elite sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees (Scott Paper Co.) were compared to that of seedlings from a native (Cookeville, TN) sycamore tree and a commercial source of sweetgum seeds. Seedlings were grown under standard field nursery conditions for two years, dug hare-root in autumn, and transplanted to another site to simulate landscape planting. Growth of elite seedlings during production was increased by 11 to 22% in height and 10 to 118 in caliper compared to that of conventional seed sources. Growth differences were maintained following transplanting. The primary lateral root number at transplanting was increased by 2 to 3 on elite sycamore seedlings compared to conventional seedlings. The number of pruning cuts required to eliminate multiple leaders tended to be less for elite seed sources. Survival did not differ among seed sources within a species.

scholarly journals Advantages of Using Selected Seed Sources of Sycamore and Sweetgum for Field Nursery Production and Transplant Establishment

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-192
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
W. Edgar Davis
Keyword(s):  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Field Production

Abstract Adaptability of forest tree improvement program seed sources to landscape nursery production and subsequent bare-root transplanting were investigated. Growth during two years of field production of seedlings from two elite half-sib families of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and a bulk open pollinated seed orchard mix of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were compared with a commercially available seed source of sweetgum and a locally collected half-sib family of sycamore. Utilization of select half-sib families of sycamore resulted in 11% to 19% increases in height and an 11% increase in caliper during field production compared to the local seed source. Seedlings from elite half-sib families of sycamore resumed limited height and caliper growth during the year following transplanting while seedlings from the local seed source did not. Less pruning cuts were required to remove multiple leaders and large basal suckers on elite sycamore and sweetgum seedlings during production.

Comparing the Missouri Gravel Bed and a Wood Chip Production Method for Tree Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelby Fite ◽  
Liza Holmes ◽  
Elden LeBrun
Keyword(s):  
Wood Chip ◽  
Production Method ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
System A ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Quercus Bicolor ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Bare Root

Tree root defects from current nursery production practices influence short- and long-term tree performance and survivability. The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) system, a production method using gravel as a substrate, has been used to prevent many of these defects from occurring. MGB production involves planting bare root stock into a bed of gravel with frequent drip irrigation in order to produce a root system with relatively few defects. MGB production methods have also been purported to allow for summer transplanting of many species, as opposed to traditional dormant transplanting.Because gravel has low water- and nutrient-holding capacity, biochar (5% by volume) was incorporated into one plot as a possible means of improving both water- and nutrient-holding capacity over gravel alone. Wood chip mulch was also investigated as a growing substrate in place of the gravel in a growing system. In 2015, three species, Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak), Taxodium distichum (baldcypress), and Tilia cordata (littleleaf linden), were studied in pea gravel (PG), biochar-amended pea gravel (BC), and wood chip mulch bed (MB) growing environments. Very few differences occurred over the growing season with above- or belowground parameters indicating that the minimal-to-no-cost, more readily available substrate of wood chip mulch should be considered in these growing systems.

scholarly journals Bare Root Liner Production Can Alter Tree Root Architecture

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Hewitt ◽  
Gary Watson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Typical nursery production practices, such as root pruning and transplanting, can alter tree root architecture and contribute to root systems that are too deep. In a study of field-grown liner production, root architecture was examined at each stage of the production process, from first year seedlings or rooted cuttings, through 4 to 5 year old branched liners. Depth and diameter of structural roots were recorded on ten replications each of Acer saccharum, Gleditsia triancanthos, Pyrus calleryana, and apple seedling rootstocks; Platanus ‘Columbia’ clonal rooted cuttings; and apple EMLA 111 clonal rootstock produced by mound propagation. By the time the liners reached marketable size, most natural lateral roots emerging from the primary root were lost. Simultaneously, adventitious roots were produced deeper on the root shank at the pruned end of the primary root. These changes in architecture result in the formation of an ‘adventitious root flare’ that is deeper in the soil than a natural root flare. The depth of this new root flare is dependent upon nursery production practices and may influence the ultimate depth of structural roots in the landscape.

Tolerance of Planed Hardwoods to Spring Flooding

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Nyssa Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Water Tupelo ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Cuttings of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were planted on a slackwater clay (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi in two consecutive years and inundated soon after foliation. During each of the two years, survival following flooding was consistently high for water tupelo, green ash, and sycamore, low for cottonwood, and intermediate for sweetgum. With the exception of green ash, however, all species lost their leaves and died back to the root collar during flooding. Thus trees, other than ash, that were living at the end of the growing season had originated from root collar sprouts.

Response of Nine-Year-Old Plantation Sweetgum to Nitrogen Fertilization in Mississippi

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
L. E. Nelson ◽  
G. L. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
N Rates

Abstract Nine-year-old planted sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) consisting of four half-sib seed sources were refertilized with nitrogen in 1981 at the beginning of the tenth field-growing season. Increases in periodic annual height, diameter at breast height, basal area, stem volume (ob),and woody biomass increments of all four half-sib seed sources from applied nitrogen were observed during the 9 years following application. Periodic annual stem volume (ob) increments averaged over all half-sib seed sources were 120, 152, 192, and 266 ft³/ac/yr for the 0, 89, 178, and356 lb/ac N rates, respectively. The half-sib seed sources from alluvial sites were superior to those from upland sites in terms of productivity and response to N. The response of all half-sibs to N was immediate, occurring during the year of application; however, the increased growth ratesdue to N persisted for only 3 years. This suggests that on responsive sites, applications of N may be necessary every fourth year to maintain maximum growth rates. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):146-150.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Native Wildflower Seedlings to Imazapic

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G Norcini ◽  
James H. Aldrich ◽  
Frank G Martin
Keyword(s):  
Major Effect ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Lupinus Perennis ◽  
Rudbeckia Hirta ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Stand Thinning ◽  
Commercial Medium ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Phlox Drummondii

Abstract Plateau (imazapic) at 0.0175 kg ai/ha (0.0156 lb ai/A) to 0.14 kg ai/ha (0.125 lb ai/A) was applied the day after seed of annual phlox (Phlox drummondii), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), blanketflower (Gaillardia pulchella), lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata), scarlet sage (Salvia coccinea), standing cypress (Ipomopsis rubra), and sundial lupine (Lupinus perennis), were sown on a commercial potting medium or a sandy field soil in plastic pots. All seed were from one commercial source, with additional seed of black-eyed susan, lanceleaf coreopsis, and blanketflower from a second source (Florida ecotype). At 28 days after treatment, slight stand thinning was observed on scarlet sage, blanketflower, and black-eyed susan but the major effect of Plateau was stunting on all species. Annual phlox was the most tolerant of Plateau, with only occasional slight stunting and no stand thinning even at the highest rate. Lanceleaf coreopsis and sundial lupine were slightly less tolerant, with scarlet sage, blanketflower, and black-eyed susan being the most susceptible. Planting medium frequently affected Plateau activity, with stunting usually greater in the commercial medium than in a sandy field soil. For the species in which there were two seed sources, seed source affected tolerance of black-eyed susan and lanceleaf coreopsis. The Florida ecotype of lanceleaf coreopsis was more sensitive to Plateau than the commercial source. For black-eyed susan, sensitivity to Plateau depended on the medium in which seedlings were growing. Results for blanketflower were inconclusive.

scholarly journals Origin of Multiple Trunks Affects Crapemyrtle Posttransplant Establishment

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Survival Differences ◽  
Marketable Size ◽  
Plastic Containers

Bare-root 17.5-inch-tall (44.45-cm) `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) liners were grown in #3 [2.75-gal (10.4-L)] black plastic containers and trained to one, three, or five trunks by one of two methods. Half of the plants were established from multiple liners with each trained to form one of the trunks. The others were established by planting a single liner in each container, pruning them back to within 2 inches (5.1 cm) from the substrate surface, and then training elongating buds or adventitious shoots to the desired number of trunks. Once plants reached a marketable size they were transplanted to a landscape for two growing seasons to determine the effects of the treatments on trunk survival or growth uniformity in the landscape. The study was replicated in time with containerized `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle liners, but only grown in the field for 1 year. Growth and quality differences were minimal at the end of nursery production for either clone, thus favoring recommendation of whichever treatment would be most economical to produce the desired growth form. However, in the landscape phase, survival of `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle and growth and uniformity of `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle were greater for several growth measures when multiple trunks were produced by training stems of the same plant as opposed to planting multiple liners. Trunk survival was generally good for three or fewer trunks, but significant losses often occurred when the planting units had five trunks, especially when grown from multiple liners. Growth and survival differences among treatments were more pronounced with increasing trunk number and the longer the planting units were in the field (landscape).

scholarly journals (104) Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Response to Nitrogen Rate and Timing in a Field Nursery

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049C-1049
Author(s):  
Catherine Neal
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Growth Differences

Bare-root, 4-ft whips of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica `Marshall's Seedless') were planted in June 2001 in a randomized complete-block design with three trees per plot. An incomplete factorial design was used to test whether annual fertilizer rate and/or application dates affected growth. Treatments were fertilized from 0 to 4 times per year in mid-April, mid-June, mid-August, and/or mid-October. A rate of 1 lb of nitrogen (N)/1000 sq ft was used whenever fertilizer was applied to a plot. Each treatment received 0, 2, 3, or 4 lbs N/1000 sq ft/year depending on the number of applications. Caliper, height, and terminal growth were measured annually for three growing seasons. At the end of seasons 2 and 3, one plant per plot was destructively harvested and processed to obtain dry weights of shoots and roots, and the shoot to root ratio was calculated. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with least square means contrasts. Treatment effects on top weights, root weights, and shoot to root ratios were nonsignificant. There were significant treatment differences for caliper and terminal growth in years 1 and 2, but not 3. A set of orthogonal contrasts was used to determine that the effect was due primarily to growth differences in plants receiving 2 vs. 3 or 4 lbs N/1000 sq ft/year, but that 3 vs. 4 lbs made no difference. Another set of planned, but nonorthogonal contrasts was used to compare application date effects. Plants fertilized in June were greater in caliper and terminal growth in the first 2 years than plants not fertilized in June. There were nonsignificant effects of fertilizing vs. not fertilizing in late fall or early spring.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Potassium Requirements for Field-grown Areca and Mexican Fan Palms

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1567-1571
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fill Soil ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
K Deficiency

Potassium (K) deficiency is a widespread problem in palms growing in sandy or calcareous soils in southeastern United States. Its symptoms are highly conspicuous, reduce palm aesthetic appeal, are difficult to correct, and can be exacerbated by nitrogen (N) fertilization. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum fertilization rates and ratio for N and K in areca palm [Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf. and Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl.) growing in a calcareous sandy fill soil. Both species had their highest quality when fertilized with 12.2 g·m−2 N and 12.2 g·m−2 K from controlled-release (2–3 month release) sources every 3 months. Actual N and K application rates were better predictors of palm quality than N:K ratio at the highest fertilization rates that would be recommended for field nursery production. However, at lower application rates more typical of those used for landscape palm maintenance, palm quality improved as the N:K application ratio was decreased.

scholarly journals Impact of Cover Crop Usage on Soilborne Diseases in Field Nursery Production

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Dawadi ◽  
Fulya Baysal-Gurel ◽  
Karla M. Addesso ◽  
Jason B. Oliver ◽  
Terri Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
The Impact

Soilborne pathogens are a significant economic problem for nursery production in the Southeastern United States. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of cover crops on soilborne disease suppressiveness in such systems. Soils from red maple (Acer rubrum L.) plantation fields grown with and without cover crops were sampled, either while the cover crops were growing (pre-disked) or post-season, following cover crop incorporation into the soil (post-disked). Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using red maple seeds on inoculated (with Rhizoctonia solani (J.G. Kühn) or Phytophthora nicotianae (Breda de Haan)) and non-inoculated field soils. The damping-off, root rot disease severity, percent recovery of Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora, and pseudomonad population were examined during the two years of the experiment. Results showed that cover crop incorporation was beneficial for inducing disease supressiveness characteristics of soil. Cover crop incorporation into the soil significantly or numerically reduced disease severity and pathogen recovery in infested soil compared to the bare soil treatment. Cover crop incorporation was found to be partially associated with the reduction of seedling damping-off. The pseudomonad microbial population was greater when cover crop was present, and is thought to be antagonist to soilborne pathogens. Therefore, cover crops can be integrated in field nursery production systems to suppress soilborne pathogens.

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