scholarly journals In Vitro Fungicide Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia and Waitea Isolates Collected from Turfgrasses

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bimal S. Amaradasa ◽  
Dilip Lakshman ◽  
David S. McCall ◽  
Brandon J. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Anastomosis Groups ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Variable Sensitivity ◽  
Moderate Sensitivity ◽  
Waitea Circinata

Different Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups (AGs) have been reported to show variable sensitivity to commercial fungicides. Thirty-six isolates of Rhizoctonia collected from turfgrasses were tested in vitro for sensitivity to commercial formulations of iprodione, triticonazole, and pyraclostrobin. Tested isolates represented R. solani AG 1-IB and AG 2-2IIIB; W. circinata varieties zeae (Wcz) and circinata (Wcc); and binucleate Rhizoctonia-like fungi (BNR) from different locations in Virginia and Maryland. Each fungicide was added to PDA medium to obtain concentrations at 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg a.i.·L−1 (0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 oz a.i.·gal−1). A mycelium plug from each isolate was grown on these plates. The fungicide concentration needed for 50% inhibition of radial growth (EC50) was determined for each isolate by fungicide combination. Waitea circinata isolates were moderately sensitive (EC50 = 1 to 10 mg a.i.·L−1) (0.0001 to 0.001 oz a.i.·gal−1) to iprodione while isolates of R. solani and BNR were extremely sensitive (EC50 < 1 mg a.i.·L−1). Isolates of AG 2-2IIIB exhibited less sensitivity to triticonazole (mean EC50 = 1.26 mg a.i.·L−1) than AG 1-IB and W. circinata (mean EC50 = 0.2, and 0.06 mg a.i.·L−1, respectively). BNR isolates varied in inhibition of growth by triticonazole, exhibiting extreme to moderate sensitivity. Isolates of W. circinata were moderately sensitive to pyraclostrobin while most cultures of R. solani and BNR were extremely sensitive. Geographic origin of isolates had no influence on the level of fungicide sensitivity. This study demonstrates the importance of accurately identifying the Rhizoctonia pathogen causing disease symptoms on a turfgrass for choosing an effective fungicide.

scholarly journals Variation in Fungicide Sensitivity AmongRhizoctoniaIsolates Recovered from Potatoes in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (8) ◽  
pp. 1520-1526
Author(s):  
N. Muzhinji ◽  
J. W. Woodhall ◽  
M. Truter ◽  
J. E. van der Waals
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Anastomosis Groups ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Variable Sensitivity

Rhizoctonia is a major pathogen of potato causing substantial yield losses worldwide. Control of Rhizoctonia diseases is based predominantly on the application of fungicides. However, little is known about the fungicide response variability of different Rhizoctonia anastomosis groups associated with potato diseases in South Africa. A total of 131 Rhizoctonia isolates were obtained from potato growing regions of South Africa from 2012 to 2014 and evaluated for sensitivity to fungicides in vitro and in vivo. The fungicides comprised six chemical formulations and one bio-fungicide representing seven Fungicide Resistance Action Committee groups. All Rhizoctonia anastomosis groups were sensitive to tolclofos-methyl (EC50: 0.001 to 0.098 μg a.i. ml−1) and fludioxonil (EC50: 0.06 to 0.09 μg a.i. ml−1) and showed variation in sensitivity to pencycuron, iprodione, benomyl, and Bacillus subtilis QST 713. However, for azoxystrobin, Rhizoctonia isolates exhibited variable sensitivity ranging from sensitivity (EC50: <0.09 μg a.i. ml−1) to insensitivity with EC50values exceeding 5 μg a.i. ml−1. In greenhouse and field trials, tolclofos-methyl and fludioxonil exhibited significantly greater control of stem and black scurf whereas azoxystrobin was the least effective. This work demonstrated variable sensitivity within and among anastomosis groups of R. solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia to different fungicides. Information on fungicide sensitivity of Rhizoctonia isolates is crucial in the development of effective Rhizoctonia control strategies and facilitates monitoring of fungicide insensitive isolates in the pathogen population.

scholarly journals Effects of Mefenoxam, Phosphonate, and Paclobutrazol on In Vitro Characteristics of Phytophthora cactorum and P. citricola and on Canker Size of European Beech

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 741-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry E. Weiland ◽  
Angela H. Nelson ◽  
George W. Hudler
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Species Effect

Phytophthora citricola and P. cactorum cause bleeding cankers that lead to the death of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in the northeastern United States. The effects of two fungicides and a plant growth regulator on in vitro pathogen characteristics and on canker expansion were investigated. In the first experiment, 16 single-spore isolates (11 P. citricola and 5 P. cactorum) were grown on clarified V8 juice agar amended with (i) 0 to 20 μg a.i./ml of mefenoxam, (ii) 0 to 301,429 μg a.i./ml phosphonate either with or without a bark-penetrating surfactant at 0.5 mg a.i./ml, or (iii) 0 to 25 mg a.i./ml of the surfactant alone. Radial growth, oospore production, and zoospore germination were observed to be dependent on isolate and treatment. A species effect on growth was also observed, as P. cactorum isolates were 2.5- to sevenfold less sensitive to phosphonate, but 2- to 150-fold more sensitive to mefenoxam than P. citricola isolates (based on 50% inhibition of growth). In the second experiment, bark and soil drenches of mefenoxam (50 mg a.i./ml and 19 μg a.i./ml, respectively), phosphonate (301,429 and 101 μg a.i./ml, respectively), and a soil drench of paclobutrazol (21 mg a.i./ml) were evaluated for their efficacy as curative or preventive treatments against bleeding canker. None of the treatments (curative or preventive) were able to stop canker expansion or prevent infection. However, saplings inoculated with P. citricola and treated with the phosphonate bark drench as either a curative or preventive treatment had cankers that were 36 to 82% shorter than those of inoculated control stems treated with water. For saplings inoculated with P. cactorum, the phosphonate bark drench was only effective when applied as a preventive (38% shorter than inoculated control stems treated with water), and not as a curative treatment. No other treatment was effective at limiting canker expansion.

scholarly journals Differential regulation of two distinct families of glucose transporter genes in Trypanosoma brucei.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1146-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Bringaud ◽  
T Baltz
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Life Cycle Stage ◽  
Good Target ◽  
Hexose Transporters ◽  
Moderate Sensitivity ◽  
Mrna Analysis

A tandemly arranged multigene family encoding putative hexose transporters in Trypanosoma brucei has been characterized. It is composed of two 80% homologous groups of genes called THT1 (six copies) and THT2 (five copies). When Xenopus oocytes are microinjected with in vitro-transcribed RNA from a THT1 gene, they express a glucose transporter with properties similar to those of the trypanosome bloodstream-form protein(s). This THT1-encoded transport system for glucose differs from the human erythrocyte-type glucose transporter by its moderate sensitivity to cytochalasin B and its capacity to transport D-fructose. These properties suggest that the trypanosomal transporter may be a good target for antitrypanosomal drugs. mRNA analysis revealed that expression of these genes was life cycle stage dependent. Bloodstream forms express 40-fold more THT1 than THT2. In contrast, procyclic trypanosomes express no detectable THT1 but demonstrate glucose-dependent expression of THT2.

scholarly journals Limited Genetic Diversity in North American Isolates of Phytophthora erythroseptica Pathogenic to Potato Based on RAPD Analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick D. Peters ◽  
Rod J. Clark ◽  
Albert D. Coffin ◽  
Antony V. Sturz ◽  
David H. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Phytophthora Erythroseptica

Pink rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum), caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica, is found wherever potatoes are grown, and in the last decade, it has reemerged as an economically important disease in Canada and the United States. A selection of isolates of P. erythroseptica from major potato-growing regions in North America, namely Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine and Idaho, U.S.A., was assessed for genetic diversity with randomly chosen decanucleotide primers which were used to amplify regions of DNA to reveal polymorphisms among templates (random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD]). The isolates varied in their geographic origin as well as in their sensitivity to mefenoxam, as determined by an in vitro assay. In three separate RAPD screens (I, II, and III) with 23 isolates of P. erythroseptica chosen from a larger collection, 1,410, 369, and 316 robust, scorable bands were amplified, respectively. However, among the bands amplified in screens I, II, and III, only 3, 1, and 3 bands, respectively, were polymorphic. When three primers yielding polymorphisms were used to screen 106 isolates from Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, or a representative collection of 32 isolates from Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, and Idaho, no major variation was discovered. RAPD markers were not correlated with geographic origin or mefenoxam sensitivity of the isolates. From an evolutionary standpoint, the absence of genetic diversity among the isolates of P. erythroseptica we examined may be attributable to the relatively recent introduction of a small founding population of the pathogen in North America.

scholarly journals Assessing Clinical Embryology Research: A Global Bibliometric Analysis

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Mara Simopoulou ◽  
Konstantinos Sfakianoudis ◽  
Evangelos Maziotis ◽  
Anna Rapani ◽  
Polina Giannelou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Abstract Content

Background and Objectives: The evaluative strength of available bibliometric tools in the field of clinical embryology has never been examined in the literature. The aim is to bring insight regarding the identity of clinical embryology research, introducing concerns when solely relying on the methodology of bibliometric analysis. Materials and Methods: An all-inclusive analysis of the most bibliometrically highlighted scientific contributions regarding the cornerstones of clinical embryology was performed employing the Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed databases, between 1978–2018. An analysis of the number of publications, respective citations and h-index, g-index, along with m-quotient is presented. The top 30 contributing authors for each distinctive area of research are listed. An attempt at visualizing the yearly published articles, clusters, and collaborations of authors, along with the geographic origin of publications, is also presented. Results: Combining all searches and keywords yielded 54,522 results. In the Scopus database, employing the keyword “In Vitro Fertilization” yielded 41,292 results. The publications of the top five authors in each research field were analytically presented and compared to the total number of publications for each respective field. The research field of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis/Screening/Testing was allocated the highest percentage of publications produced by the top five authors. Regarding journal bibliometrics, based on the year 2017 metrics, there are only 29 journals according to WoS that refer to “Reproductive Biology”, ranking it 187th among 235 disciplines. The USA produced the highest number of publications (12,537). Conclusion: Results indicate an explosion of interest published in the literature regarding the field of clinical embryology. Further analysis on collaborations and the trends involved should be of added value as productivity between countries varies significantly. This may guide researchers, in vitro fertilization professionals, and prospective authors during literature search, while proving useful regarding manuscript design and concurring on keywords and abstract content.

Inhibition of Growth of Breast Cancer in Vitro by the Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Saporin 6

1991 ◽  
pp. 625-629
Author(s):  
L. Roncuzzi ◽  
A. Gasperi-Campani ◽  
W. Zoli ◽  
A. Volpi ◽  
D. Amadori
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ribosome Inactivating Protein ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth

scholarly journals Activation of GSDME compensates for GSDMD deficiency in a mouse model of NLRP3 inflammasomopathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Wang ◽  
Tong Yang ◽  
Jianqiu Xiao ◽  
Canxin Xu ◽  
Yael Alippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Caspase 8 ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Inflammatory Pathway ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Inflammatory Stimuli

AbstractThe D301N NLRP3 mutation in mice (D303N in humans) causes severe multi-organ damage and early death driven by the constitutively activated NLRP3 (NLRP3ca) inflammasome. Triggered inflammasomes activate caspase-1 to process IL-1 family cytokines and gasdermin D (GSDMD), generating N-terminal fragments, which oligomerize within the plasma membrane to form pores, which cause inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis) and through which IL-1β and IL-18 are secreted. GSDMD activation is central to disease symptoms since spontaneous inflammation in Nlrp3ca;Gsdmd-/- mice is negligible. Unexpectedly, when Nlrp3ca;Gsdmd-/- mice were challenged with LPS or TNF-α, they secreted high amounts of IL-1β and IL-18, suggesting an alternative GSDMD-independent inflammatory pathway. Here we show that GSDMD deficient macrophages subjected to inflammatory stimuli activate caspase-8, -3 and GSDME-dependent cytokine release and pyroptosis. Caspase-8, -3 and GSDME also activated pyroptosis when NLRP3 was stimulated in caspase-1 deficient macrophages. Thus, a salvage caspase-8, -3-GSDME inflammatory pathway is activated following NLRP3 activation when the canonical NLRP3-caspase-1-GSDMD is blocked. Surprisingly, the active metabolite of the GSDMD-inhibitor disulfiram, inhibited not only GSDMD but also GSDME-mediated inflammation in vitro and suppressed severe inflammatory disease symptoms in Nlrp3ca mice, a model for severe neonatal multisystem inflammatory disease. Although disulfiram did not directly inhibit GSDME, it suppressed inflammasome activation in GSDMD-deficient cells. Thus, the combination of inflammatory signals and NLRP3ca overwhelmed the protection provided by GSDMD deficiency, rewiring signaling cascades through caspase-8, -3 and GSDME to propagate inflammation. This functional redundancy suggests that concomitant inhibition of GSDMD and GSDME may be necessary to suppress disease in inflammasomopathy patients.

scholarly journals In vitro assessment of wheat tolerance to drought

Genetika ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislava Galovic ◽  
Zorana Kotaranin ◽  
Srbislav Dencic
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
In Vitro Effects

Analyzed in this paper were the in vitro effects of drought stress in 13 genotypes of winter wheat, one genotype of spring wheat, and three Triticale genotypes of different geographic origin. Callus tissue was induced from immature zygotic embryos (10-15 days after pollination) on a modified MS nutrient medium. After two weeks, callus tissue was transplanted onto the same medium enriched with 5% high-molecular polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), which was used as the stress agent to produce the effect of drought chemically. A control group of calluses was grown on an identical medium but without PEG. After four weeks of growing calluses on these mediums, we assessed callus mass survival ability of the genotypes before the transplantation as well as percentage reduction of callus fresh weight after the transplantation onto the nutrient medium with 5% PEG. Statistically significant differences were found among the genotypes in their response to the induced stress. The best survival ability before the transplantation was found in the genotype Mexicol20 (83%), while the lowest was recorded in Slavija (11.3%). Culture growing under stress conditions significantly reduced callus fresh weight in all of the genotypes. The lowest decrease of the callus mass relative to control was recorded in Rozofskaja (14.4%) and the highest in Miranovska (58.4%), indicating the genotypes' tolerance levels towards drought stress.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antagonistic Study of Maize Root Colonizing Fungal Isolates Against Fusarium moniliforme Causing Ear Rot Disease of Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Parimal Mandal ◽  
◽  
Zerald Tiru ◽  
Monalisha Sarkar ◽  
Arka Chakroborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting

In the present study, different root colonizing fungal isolates were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of maize growing areas of Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal. All the isolates including test pathogen were identified from Indian Type Culture Collection, New Delhi. Plant growth promoting maize root colonizing fungal isolates- Penicillium pinophilum (ITC NO. 11,201.19), Trichoderma harzianum (ITC NO.11,203.19), Trichoderma asperellum (ITC NO. 11,209.19), Aspergillus niger (ITC NO. 11,204.19) and Penicillum purpurogenum (ITC NO. 11,207.19) exhibited antagonistic activities against F. moniliforme (ITC NO. 11,208.19) in vitro. Two antagonistic isolates of T. harzianum and eleven strains of T. asperellum showed antibiosis mechanism for antagonism against F. moniliforme with the range of Percent Inhibition of Radial Growth from 62.41% to 88.57%. Competitive mode of antagonism against test pathogen by the isolates of P. pinophilum, P. purpurogenum and six isolates of A. niger were found. Percent of inhibition of radial growth ranged from 57.14% to 91.42%. In our finding, antagonistic isolates especially Trichoderma harzianum (ITC NO. 11,203.19), Trichoderma asperellum (ITC NO. 11,209.19) strains either single or in combination with rest maize root colonizing strains could be used as potent growth promoters as well as biocontrol (BCA) agents.

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