Root Morphology, Allometric Relations and Rhizosheath of Ancient and Modern Tetraploid Wheats (Triticum durum Desf.) in Response to Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum T-22

Early root traits and allometrics of wheat are important for competition and use of resources. They are under-utilized in research and un-explored in many ancient wheats. This is especially true for the rhizosheath emerging from root-soil interactions. We investigated root morphology, root/shoot relations and the amount of rhizosheath of four tetrapoid wheat seedlings (30 days after emergence): the italian landrace Saragolle Lucana and modern varieties Creso, Simeto and Ciclope, and tested the hypothesis that inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum T-22 (T-22) enhances rhizosheath formation and affects wheat varieties differently. Overall growth of non-inoculated plants showed different patterns in wheat varieties, with Saragolle and Ciclope at the two extremes: Saragolle invests in shoot rather than root mass, and in the occupation of space with highest (p < 0.05) shoot height to the uppermost internode (5.02 cm) and length-to-mass shoot (97.8 cm g−1) and root (more than 140 m g−1) ratios. This may be interpreted as maximizing competition for light but also as a compensation for low shoot efficiency due to the lowest (p < 0.05) recorded values of optically-measured chlorophyll content index (22.8). Ciclope invests in biomass with highest shoot (0.06 g) and root (0.04 g) mass and a thicker root system (average diameter 0.34 mm vs. 0.29 in Saragolle) as well as a highest root/shoot ratio (0.95 g g−1 vs. 0.54 in Saragolle). Rhizosheath mass ranged between 22.14 times that of shoot mass in Ciclope and 43.40 in Saragolle (different for p < 0.05). Inoculation with Trichoderma increased the amount of rhizosheath from 9.4% in Ciclope to 36.1% in Simeto and modified root architecture in this variety more than in others. Ours are the first data on roots and seedling shoot traits of Saragolle Lucana and of Trichoderma inoculation effects on rhizosheath. This opens to new unreported interpretations of effects of Trichoderma inoculation on improving plant growth.

Evaluation The Efficiency of Some of Bio - Control Fungi on The Content of Rice Leaves (Oryza Sativa L.) Class Jassmine of Phenols, Alkaloids, And Some of Hormones

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using biocontrol fungi - Trichoderma harzianum. Australian (T.h.a). and Trichoderma harzianum. tahadi(T.h.t) and Chaetumium elatum( C.e) isolates on contents of rice leaves ) Oryza sativa L. (class jasmine of phenols, alkaloids, and hormones( zeatin, gibberellic acid, indol acitic acid). To attaining these aims, two experements were carryied out in two regions at Rice Research Center(RRC), and Agriculture college - AL-Najaf province. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The suspension (10)-4 of biocontrol agent T.h.a gave a significant difference in concentrations of phenols in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 0.378, 0.363 ppm in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 0.251,0.245 ppm, respectively. T.h.a. gave a significant differences in concentrations of alkaloids in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 1.67,1.51 µg/ml in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 1.19,1.15 µg/ml., respectively T.h.a attained the highest concentrations of hormones ( zeatin, gebberllic acid, indol acitic acid) in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached (0.0941, 53.84, 0.287) ppm, at RRC and (0.0835, 44.52, 0.268) ppm for college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave ( 0.0712, 51.12, 0.210) ppm with RRC and (0.0523, 42.10, 0.174)ppm for college of agriculture, respectively.

تأثير بعض أنواع الفطريات على استنبات بذور الفول fababean صنف Minor في ليبيا

أُجريت التجربة خلال عامي 2019- 2020 في معمل أمراض النبات – كلية الزراعة – جامعة عمر المختار، بهدف دراسة تأثير البعض من أنواع الفطريات تضمنت Botrytis cinerea، Macrophomina phaseolina، Rhizoctonia solani، Sclerotinia sclerotiorum و Trichoderma harzianum على نسبة، وسرعة الإنبات، ومستوى تعفن الجذور في بذور الفول صنف Minor معملياً. تم تحضين البذور بعد تعقيمها سطحياً، وزراعتها في أطباق بتري على الوسط WA 1% الملقح بالفطريات المدروسة. سجلت التجربة اختلافات معنوية في نسبة الإنبات، و سرعته، ومستوى المرض. أفضل إنبات للبذور كان في معاملة T. harzianum (91.7%)، ولكن ليس أكثر من الشاهد (%100)، وأقل إنبات (25%) كان في البذور المعاملة بالفطرين M. phaseolina وR. Solani. كانت أعلى سرعة إنبات (3.1) للبذور في محيط Trichoderma أكثر من بذور الشاهد، والفطريات المُمْرِضة، في حين وصل مستوى المرض أعلاه (4.8) على الجُذير في معاملة الفطر R. solani، وسجل (0) في مُعاملتي الــــTrichoderma والشاهد. نستنتج من الدراسة أن معاملة البذور بالفطر T. harzianum يمكن أن تكون مفيدة لتحسين إنبات بذور الفول، بالإضافة إلى خفض الإنبات المتأخر.

Screening of Cucumber Fusarium Wilt Bio-Inhibitor: High Sporulation Trichoderma harzianum Mutant Cultured on Moso Bamboo Medium

Cucumber fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease which causes serious production decrease in cucumber cultivation world widely. Extensive using of chemical pesticides has caused serious environmental pollution and economic losses, therefore, it is particularly urgent to develop efficient, safe and pollution-free biopesticide. In this study, a mutant strain of Trichoderma harzianum cultivated in moso bamboo medium was proved to be an efficient bio-inhibitor of the disease. The mutant strain T. harzianum T334, was obtained by three microwave mutagenesis cycles with an irradiation power of 600 W and irradiation time of 40 s. In contrast to the original strain, the inhibition rate on cucumber fusarium wilt of the strain T334 increased from 63 to 78%. In this work, disk milling pretreatment of moso bamboo has shown significant beneficial effects on both biotransformation and sporulation of T334. Its sporulation reached 3.7 × 109 cfu/g in mushroom bags with 90% bamboo stem powder (pretreated by disk milli), 9.5% bamboo leaf powder and 0.5% wheat bran when the ratio of solid to liquid was 4:6, the inoculum amount was 10%, and the culture temperature was 28°C. These results provide an alternative bioinhibitor for the control of cucumber fusarium wilt, and a potential usage of moso bamboo in the production of microbial pesticide.

Kinetic Study of Fungal Growth of Several Tanninolytic Strains Using Coffee Pulp Procyanidins

Procyanidins are bioactive molecules with industrial and pharmaceutical relevance, they are present in recalcitrant agro-industrial wastes that are difficult to degrade. In this study, we evaluated the potential consumption of procyanidins from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum strains in submerged fermentations. For this purpose, a culture medium containing salts, glucose, and procyanidins was formulated, where procyanidins were added to the medium after the near-total consumption of glucose. The submerged cultures were carried out in amber flasks at 30 °C and 120 rpm. The addition of procyanidins to the culture medium increased the formation of micellar biomass for all the strains used. The use of glucose affected the growth of A. niger GH1 and A. niger HS1, however, in these assays, a total consumption of procyanidins was obtained. These results show that the consumption of procyanidins by fungal strains in submerged fermentations was influenced by the pH, the use of glucose as the first source of carbon, and the delayed addition of procyanidins to the medium. The study showed that A. niger and T. harzianum strains can be used as a natural strategy for the consumption or removal of procyanidins present in recalcitrant residues of risk to the environment and human health.

Influence of Trichoderma harzianum- seed Coating on the Biochemical Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Salt Stress

Salt stress is one of the main limitations to Triticum aestivum productivity all around the world. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Trichoderma harzianum seed coating on germination and seedling development of wheat under salt stress (60 and 120 mM NaCl). The seeds of six wheat cultivars, namely Shafaq-06, Punjab-11, Millet, Seher, Pirsabik, and Aari were seed coated with Trichoderma (taken from NARC Pakistan) at the rate of 2 x 107 CFU using PelGel for 24 h. After air-drying at room temperature for 12 h, the coated seeds were sown in small pots. Experimentation was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The data for various biochemical attributes were collected after 30 d of germination to test the seed and seedling vigor, respectively. Trichoderma harzianum seed coating reduced the amount of hydrogen peroxide, catalase, Malondialdehyde, and increased protein content, Ascorbate Peroidase, and total phenolics under salt stress advocating that its use is effective in the cultivation of crops in saline areas because it inhibits oxidative damage by triggering various phenolic compounds and scavenging proteins.

Posibilidades del uso de Trichoderma harzianum en el biocontrol del marchitamiento y cancro bacteriano del tomate

El presente trabajo consistió en evaluar la posibilidad del uso de dos cepas de Trichoderma harzianum (Th118 y Th5cc) sobre la manifestación del marchitamiento y cancro bacteriano del tomate en plantas de tomate platense cultivadas en invernáculo. Ambas cepas se aplicaron al sustrato de la plantinera en forma sólida (S) y líquida (L) en el momento de la siembra. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis se inoculó en el momento del desbrote mediante una pequeña incisión en el tallo principal entre la quinta y sexta hoja. El ensayo se repitió durante dos años consecutivos. Para cada tratamiento se evaluaron los componentes del rendimiento (peso y número de frutos) y número de hojas afectadas. Si bien no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos durante los dos años, el tratamiento Th118 L es el que presentó menor cantidad de hojas afectadas y valores promedio más altos de peso de frutos. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se puede afirmar que la cepa de Trichoderma harzianum Th 118 aplicada como riego a los plantines en el momento de la siembra, podría ser incorporada como una buena alternativa dentro de un plan de manejo integrado de enfermedades en el cultivo de tomate platense.