Shapes of Figures Identified as a Baby's Head

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice T. Gardner ◽  
Lise Wallach

The difference in shape between a profile view of the head of the infant and of the adult was used to derive a formula which yields a family of shapes, ranging from extremely exaggerated adult heads to extremely exaggerated baby heads. These figures were shown in pairs on a projection screen to 146 undergraduate women and 46 undergraduate men, who were instructed to judge which figure was more babyish. The results show that this dimension of head shape was an effective determinant of such judgments and that it included distorted figures which were more optimal than the accurate representation of the baby's head.

Author(s):  
Shin-Beom Choi ◽  
Han-Bum Surh ◽  
Jong-Wook Kim

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the constraint effect due to the crack location and bottom head shape. To do so, two types of bottom head shape such as a semi-spherical bottom head and semi-elliptical bottom head were considered. In addition, five types of axial crack and two types of circumferential crack, classified by location, were adopted to conduct FE analyses. As a result, the bottom head shape does not affect the stress intensity factor of the circumferential flaw. Moreover, the crack location is not a sensitive parameter of the stress intensity factor for an axial crack located at the semi-spherical bottom head. In contrast, the crack location should be considered when the stress intensity factor of an axial crack located at the semi-elliptical bottom head is calculated. In addition, a heatup curve and cooldown curve were derived from the FE analysis results. As a result, the constraint effect owing to a crack location, except for the transition area, is not shown in the case of a semi-spherical bottom head. In the case of a semi-elliptical bottom head, the difference between each crack location is shown. These results will be helpful to enhance the understanding of the constraint effect and P-T limit curve.


1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Ann Lee ◽  
Dawn M. Castella ◽  
Millard McCluney

This study investigated differences between men and women in their use of sexual stereotypes when evaluating recent hirees. Participants (33 Euro-American undergraduate women and 45 Euro-American undergraduate men) read a job announcement for Personnel Analyst and a completed employment application form (with a picture of the applicant attached). They then completed a questionnaire, indicating their perceptions of the applicant's competence, qualifications, and status on other job-related characteristics. The information on the application form was the same except for the race and sex of the hiree. Three of the five expected interactions were statistically significant. It appears that men may underestimate the qualifications of women and rate them lower than men on other job-related characteristics.


2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mo Bahk

Extending Ingold's research on adult viewers' responses to mature content advisories, this study examined the likelihood of viewing television programs and of viewing theatrical movies with general and content-specific advisories. The results show that among the 63 undergraduate men, viewing likelihood was increased significantly with the provision of all types of mature content advisories, whereas among the 122 undergraduate women viewing interest increased with the ‘sexuality’ advisory but decreased with the ‘violence’ advisory.


1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha B. Jacobson ◽  
William R. Insko

Spence and Helmreich's Attitudes Toward Women Scale was administered to 235 undergraduate women who were then asked to indicate, as part of a General Information Sheet, their names and which form of address they preferred from among Mrs., Miss, and Ms. While fewer than one-quarter of the women chose “Ms.”, it was found, as hypothesized, that these women had higher scores on the Attitudes toward Women Scale than those who chose “Miss” or “Mrs.” However, while significant, the difference was relatively small and possible interpretations of it are discussed.


2020 ◽  
pp. 105566562096929
Author(s):  
Mark Philip Pressler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane

Aim: Metopic craniosynostosis (MCS), with its trigonocephalic head shape, is often treated with either limited incision strip craniectomy (LISC) followed by helmet orthotic treatment, or open cranial vault reconstruction techniques (OCVR). There is controversy regarding resultant shape outcomes among craniofacial surgeons. Those adverse to LISC claim normal head shape is never attained, while proponents believe there is gradual correction to an equivalent outcome. This study aims to quantitate, over time, the three-dimensional (3D) head shapes in patients who have undergone LISC or OCVR intervention for MCS. Methods: Sixty-three 3D images of 26 patients with MCS were analyzed retrospectively. Head shape analyses were performed at: (1) preoperative, (2) 1-month postoperative, (3) 10 to 14 months postoperative (1 year), and (4) 2 years postoperative. Composite 3D head shapes of patients were compared at each time point. Two-dimensional (2D) standardized cross sections of the forehead were also compared. Results: Composite head shapes for both groups were nested, to allow visual comparison as the child’s forehead grows and expands. The difference between LISC and OCVR 2D cross sections was calculated; 108.26 mm preoperatively, 127.18 mm after 1-month postoperative, 51.05 mm after 10 to 14 months postoperative, and 27.03 mm after 2 years postoperative. Conclusions: This study found excellent head shape outcomes for both the LISC and OCVR techniques at 2 years of age. It also corroborates the slow and progressive improvement in head shape with the LISC technique. This study highlights the advantages of 3D photography for measurement of contour outcomes, utilizing both 2D vector and 3D whole head analytical techniques.


PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Nordt ◽  
Sarah Weigelt

There is an ongoing debate on the question when face processing abilities mature. One aspect that has been part of this debate is the ability to recognize faces in and across different viewpoints. Here, we tested 128 participants consisting of school-age children (ages, 5–10 years) and adults (ages, 19–37 years) in two experiments to investigate the effects of different viewpoints (including front, three-quarter, profile view) on face recognition during development. Furthermore, we compared recognition performance for faces to that of another object category (cars). In the first experiment (n = 88) we tested if the pattern of performance for faces presented in different viewpoints is similar in school-aged children and adults. Participants completed a two-alternative-forced-choice (2AFC) memory task comprising images of both faces and cars in front, three-quarter and profile view, which were presented in the same viewpoint during learning and testing. In the second experiment (n = 40) we tested if face recognition is similarly affected by viewpoint changes in children and adults. In this experiment the 2AFC memory task included a change of viewpoint between learning and testing. While in both experiments we found higher recognition performance for faces with increasing age, the overall pattern of both viewpoint and viewpoint-change-effects and also the difference between view-change- and no-change-conditions was similar across age groups. In contrast to faces, no viewpoint effects were observed in cars (experiment 1), viewpoint change effects, however, were similar for cars and faces (experiment 2). In sum, our results suggest early maturity of the ability to recognize faces in and across different viewpoints.


2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Penelo ◽  
Ana M. Villarroel ◽  
Mariona Portell ◽  
Rosa M. Raich

Background: Most studies on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) focus exclusively on women. Aims: To examine the internal consistency and convergent validity of the EDE-Q in Spanish undergraduate men and to compare the results with those obtained previously in college samples of Spanish women and American men. Methods: 269 college men, aged 18–30 years, answered the EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Results: The four subscale scores and the global score of the EDE-Q achieved acceptable internal consistency (α ≥ .65), and evidence on convergent validity with EDI-2 and BSQ was obtained (r ≥ .41). Average scores, standard deviations, and percentile ranks for the raw EDE-Q subscales and data on the occurrence of binge eating and compensatory behaviors are presented. Most values were lower than those found in previous studies with Spanish undergraduate women and American undergraduate men. Discussion: Lower scores in EDE-Q subscales provide country differences between Spain and United States and support the existence of gender differences in eating disorders attitudes. These data should help clinicians and researchers to interpret the EDE-Q scores of college men in Spain.


1995 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1211-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Yancey ◽  
Raymond L. Eastman

In a previous study, sex differences were noted in the correlation of 215 undergraduates' ratings on Lee's love styles and their ratings on their satisfaction with life, work, and personal relationships. For example, game-playing love was positively related to life satisfaction for the 42 undergraduate men but was negatively related to life satisfaction for the 98 undergraduate women. In the current study, 215 adults over the age of 29 years were surveyed to examine whether the previous differences between the sexes held up in an older sample. Values for the older sample of 215 were similar to those for the 98 undergraduate women but not for the 42 undergraduate men. For example, game-playing love was negatively related to life satisfaction for both the 130 older women and the 85 older men.


Author(s):  
Guangqiang Shu ◽  
Tao Lin

Ordinary projection screen is not sensitive to interaction, it cannot meet the demands of teaching, virtual reality, and other applications. Due to the fact that people always use hands to complete a variety of human–computer interaction, the finger-based interactive projection technology is worth being researched. In this paper, an ordinary monocular camera is used to acquire video frame on projection screen, and the touch signal of finger in frame is used as the input of interactive projection system. Because the differences between spatial frequency of common digital camera and the projection screen is small, the frame obtained from camera will contain moire fringe, which needs to be filtered in image frequency domain. Then the difference between current frame edge and previous frame edge is calculated to obtain moving object edge clues. According to these clues, the most possible contour curve is searched in current frame edge, and the curve is fitted by polynomial approximation method. Its curvature integration is used to match with the curvature integration of finger template curve. After that the fingers in the curve are recognized. Because color information is not needed, this method can be used to recognize gloved fingers. Finally, finger shadow is used to judge whether the finger touches projection screen to complete interactive process. The experiments of writing and collaboratively rotating picture on projector screen show that this method can effectively complete interactive operation with the projection screen and can realize the multi-user operation.


2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwaki Toshima ◽  
Shigeaki Aoki ◽  
Tatsuya Hirahara

TeleHead I is an acoustical telepresence robot that we built on the basis of the concept that remote sound localization could be best achieved by using a user-like dummy head whose movement synchronizes with the user's head movement in real time. We clarified the characteristics of the latest version of TeleHead I, TeleHead II, and verified the validity of this concept by sound localization experiments. TeleHead II can synchronize stably with the user's head movement with a 120-ms delay. The driving noise level measured through headphones is below 24 dB SPL from 1 to 4 kHz. The shape difference between the dummy head and the user is about 3% in head width and 5% in head length. An overall measurement metric indicated that the difference between the head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) of the dummy head and the modeled listener is about 5 dB. The results of the sound localization experiments using TeleHead II clarified that head movement improves horizontal-plane sound localization performance even when the dummy head shape differs from the user's head shape. In contrast, the results for head movement when the dummy head shape and user head shape are different were inconsistent in the median plane. The accuracy of sound localization when using the same-shape dummy head with movement tethered to the user's head movement was always good. These results show that the TeleHead concept is acceptable for building an acoustical telepresence robot. They also show that the physical characteristics of TeleHead II are sufficient for conducting sound localization experiments.


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