Forced Guidance and Distribution of Practice in Sequential Information Processing

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry R. Decker ◽  
Cecil A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Psychological Refractory Period ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Sequential Information ◽  
Selection Stage ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Distribution of practice and forced guidance were used in a sequential information-processing task in an attempt to increase the capacity of human information-processing mechanisms. A reaction time index of the psychological refractory period was used as the response measure. Massing of practice lengthened response times while forced guidance shortened them. Interpretation was in terms of load reduction upon the response-selection stage of the information-processing system.

Temperament and Attentional Bias in Vocal Emotional Stroop Tasks

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Paelecke ◽  
Yvonne Paelecke–Habermann ◽  
Peter Borkenau
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Affective Quality ◽  
Stroop Tasks

Human information processing is influenced by the affective quality of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. A widely known example is the emotional variant of the colour–naming Stroop task. Although participants are not instructed to attend to valence, it nevertheless influences response times. We studied how persons differ in ignoring the irrelevant valence of stimuli and how such differences are related to personality traits. In two emotional Stroop tasks using a vocal response mode, participants were instructed to name the colour of unpleasant and pleasant words presented in different physical colours. In Study 2, we introduced a second task to increase the cognitive load. Across both studies, extraversion and approach temperament were associated with higher interferences by pleasant words. Neuroticism and avoidance temperament, however, were associated with higher interferences by unpleasant words only when cognitive load increased because of a task switch. This finding suggests that highly neurotic individuals can mitigate influences of emotional stimuli on information processing under conditions of low cognitive load. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Combining Time and Intensity Effects in Assessing Operator Information-Processing Load

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith C. Hendy ◽  
Jianqiao Liao ◽  
Paul Milgram
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Processing Load ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Operator Workload

A quantitative description of the human information processor is required for predicting operator workload and performance from the simulated task time line data generated by task network models and related methods. Although many models of workload exist, few appear to be well founded in theory or to provide a satisfactory basis for a quantitative representation of operator load. Adherents of both time-and intensity-based models of operator load individually claim success for their methods. which might suggest that both factors are operating in determining operator workload and performance. This paper describes a study that explicitly investigates the relationship between a time-based factor and an intensity-based factor (amount of information to be processed) within a simulated air traffic control environment. A model is developed that posits that the load on the human information-processing system results directly from the ratio of the time necessary to process the required information to the time allowable for making a decision. This ratio, which can be identified with time pressure, determines subjective estimates of workload as well as operator performance. The model is tested against the data from the air traffic control simulation.

Human Information Processing and Cognition: Applications to Improve Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heath Bishop ◽  
Shannon Everline ◽  
Marc Banghart
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Engineering Research

Human cognition, bias and error have been studied significantly over the past few decades and are utilized in several fields, including reliability and safety engineering. Research has indicated that both man-machine interfaces and training are critical during human intervention. Additionally, it has been shown that humans contribute significantly to failures, and thus downtime. This trend is likely to continue as systems become more complex. Several methods, such as Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), had been proposed and utilized throughout industry. These methods are both qualitative and quantitative and aim to understand, and thus improve, human performance within the system. Additionally, much of the research is focused on risk reduction — for example, design of a power plant to maximize redundancy in human performance during a mishap. Human error is a complicated process in itself and closely tied to cognition, information processing, system automation, team dynamics and biases inherent to humans. It cannot be eliminated by training and familiarity alone, and system design plays a major role in susceptibility to error. The digital age has spurred many advances in processing power, sensor technology and data capture. These advances have resulted in situations where a very large amount of data can be captured and presented to the user. The large amount of information has to be processed with limited attention resources, which can result in human error. This contribution will discuss human error and information processing along with the role of humans in modern power plants. Finally, trends in information overload will be discussed with applications to reducing human error in power plants.

Locus of Backward Crosstalk Effects on Task 1 in a Psychological Refractory Period Task

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Ting Ko ◽  
Jeff Miller
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Psychological Refractory Period ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Standard Response ◽  
Backward Crosstalk ◽  
Selection Stage ◽  
Prp Paradigm ◽  
Response Selection Bottleneck

Our performance on a task decreases when the task is in a dual-task situation than when it is in isolation. An important experimental setting for dual-task situation is the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, and the dual-task performance decrements in the PRP paradigm are referred to as PRP interference. The standard response-selection bottleneck (RSB) models state that the response-selection stage of the second task (T2) cannot start until the response-selection stage of the first task (T1) finishes, resulting in the PRP interference. Contrary to the prediction of RSB models, several researchers have found T2’s modulations on T1’s performance, and have suggested that T1’s selection-related processes are affected by T2’s selection-related processes, referred to as backward crosstalk effects. The locus of backward crosstalk effects is not clear, however, because RTs were measured in most previous studies. By using semantically unrelated stimuli and responses and by measuring T1’s lateralized readiness potential, we examined the locus of backward crosstalk effects. We found that the interval between T1’s stimulus onset and the stimulus-locked LRP onset was affected, suggesting T2’s response selection starts before T1’s selection is complete. The present result provided electrophysiological evidence focusing on T1’s changes in favor of the hypothesis of parallel response selection in the PRP paradigm.

Cognitive Maps

2010 ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hirtle
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Attributes

Cognitive maps are the representations that individuals use to understand, process, and navigate environments. The term cognitive map should not be taken as a literal metaphor as the internal representation will often violate principles of two-dimensional geometry, will rarely be either continuous or complete, and will often include non-spatial attributes, such as sights, sounds, or even aesthetic qualities, of a location. Research on cognitive mapping as made important contributions to both theory and application of geoinformatics by demonstrating how spatial information is acquired, structured, accessed, and schematized by the human information processing system. Theories of cognitive mapping have been expanded by through new frameworks, such as naïve geography, synergetic inter-representation networks, and geocognostics. Together, this body of research has provided a framework for the development of the next generation of user-centered geographic information systems.

Timesharing, Cognition, and Human Performance in Complex Information Systems

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 880-881
Author(s):  
Michael Venturino
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Automatic Information ◽  
Multiple Resource

Applications of advanced technology to modern systems have resulted in the requirement for the human operator to process large volumes of information at rapid rates. Such systems may impose substantial attentional and timesharing requirements on the operator, often exceeding human information processing capabilities. Consequently, there is a critical need to investigate and understand the human information processing system in order to identify generalizable, empirically derived principles of human timesharing capabilities. Of particular interest are current theoretical approaches to human attention and information processing limitations that suggest ways to improve timesharing performance. Two of these approaches, automatic information processing theory and multiple resource theory are especially relevant to the timesharing problem.

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