Prediction and Control as Mediators of Causal Attribution
In this paper is reviewed the literature on the naive perception of causality. Studies support Heider's suggestion that actors give external reasons for their behavior, whereas observers attribute the same behavior to the actor's personal dispositions. However, studies also show that actors are sometimes internal and observers are sometimes external in their causal attributions, e.g., actors give external reasons for their failure but they give internal reasons for success, and observers give internal reasons for the other's failure but they give external reasons for success. It was concluded that such results can be explained in terms of both cognitive and motivational factors. It was proposed that the perceiver's concern with prediction and control is one factor responsible for the typical attributions of actors as well as observers, and, furthermore, that there are individual, cultural, and contextual factors which may reverse the typical perspectives of actors and observers.