Improving Exposure Component and Generalization Potential of Stress Inoculation for Pain

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1132-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Hackett ◽  
John J. Horan ◽  
Jay Buchanan ◽  
Paul Zumoff
Keyword(s):  
Coping Skills ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stress Inoculation ◽  
Practice Session ◽  
Cold Pressor Task ◽  
Pressure Algometer ◽  
Dimensions Of Pain ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

Stress inoculation for pain involves education about the psychological dimensions of pain, training in a number of coping skills, and practice in applying these skills during exposure to the noxious stimulus. In a previous study the exposure component (which involved six practice sessions) proved ineffective; moreover the efficacy of the other components was not repeated on the generalization measures. The present study compared three variations in the exposure component and found that training with a single practice session on the cold pressor task proved more helpful than training with no practice at all, which in turn was no worse than training with six practice sessions. Moreover, therapeutic attention to generalization resulted in increased pain tolerance on the pressure algometer task.

Effects of Nondirective Suggestions on Pain Tolerance, Pain Threshold and Pain Intensity Perception

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Neumann ◽  
H. Seelbach ◽  
J. Kugler ◽  
G. M. Krüskemper
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
General Information ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Information Cues ◽  
Intensity Perception ◽  
Pressure Algometer ◽  
Maximum Pain

In this experiment, we followed the issue whether nondirective suggestions have an effect on pain threshold, pain tolerance, and perception of pain intensity. 48 healthy subjects consented to take part. At intake into the study (t1), pain threshold and pain tolerance were assessed in all subjects using a pressure algometer. Perception of maximum pain intensity perception was rated on a scale of 0 to 25. Seven days later, the session was repeated (t2). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received nondirective suggestions as pretreatment. Subjects listened to a tape of 20 min. which consisted of general information about pain theory. In this context, suggestions for coping with pain were placed. The other group served as a control and received no pretreatment. Analysis showed that pain tolerance was significantly prolonged in the group who received nondirective suggestions, while pain threshold and perception of maximum pain intensity did not differ across groups. This study demonstrates that nondirective suggestions are effective in prolonging pain tolerance. It can be stated that, beside information, cues on coping with pain may be helpful in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Taboo gesticulations as a response to pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-406
Author(s):  
Maarten Jacobs ◽  
Ilja van Beest ◽  
Richard Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Cold Pressor Task ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Lower Pain ◽  
Finger Control ◽  
Ice Water

Abstract Background and aims Prior research indicates that swearing increases pain tolerance and decreases pain perception in a cold pressor task. In two experiments, we extend this research by testing whether taboo hand gesticulations have a similar effect. Methods Study 1 focused on males and females who, across two trials, submerged an extended middle finger (taboo) and an extended index finger (control) in ice water until discomfort necessitated removal. Study 2 focused exclusively on pain perception in males who, across three trials, submerged their hand, flat, with extended middle finger and with extended index finger, for 45 s each. Results In study 1 taboo gesticulation did not increase pain tolerance or reduce pain perception compared with the index finger control condition, as a main effect or as part of an interaction with condition order. While there was a gesture×gender interaction for pain tolerance, this was driven by an increased pain tolerance for the index finger gesture for women but not men. The results of study 2 again showed that taboo gesticulation did not lower pain perception, although it did increase positive affect compared with both non-taboo gesture conditions. Conclusions Taken together these results provide only limited evidence that taboo gesticulation alters the experience of pain. These largely null findings further our understanding of swearing as a response to pain, suggesting that the activation of taboo schemas is not sufficient for hypoalgesia to occur.

scholarly journals The Effects of Mindful Attention on Cold Pressor Pain in Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Petter ◽  
Christine T Chambers ◽  
Jill MacLaren Chorney
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Guided Imagery ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Trait Mindfulness ◽  
Cold Pressor Task ◽  
Mindful Attention

BACKGROUND: Typical interventions for acute pain in children attempt to reduce pain by directing attention away from pain. Conversely, mindfulness involves devoting attention to one’s experience in an accepting and nonjudgmental way. However, the effect that instructing children to mindfully devote attention to acute pain has on pain outcomes is unknown.OBJECTIVES: To examine whether mindful attention can help children attend to pain without increasing pain intensity or decreasing pain tolerance; to compare the effects of mindful attention with a well-established intervention designed to take attention away from pain (guided imagery); and to test whether baseline coping style or trait mindfulness alter the effects of these interventions.METHODS: A total of 82 children (10 to 14 years of age) completed measures of coping style and trait mindfulness. Participants then received either mindful attention or guided imagery instructions designed to direct attention toward or away from pain, respectively, before participating in a cold pressor task.RESULTS: The mindful attention group reported more awareness of the physical sensations of pain and thoughts about those sensations. Overall, there were no between-group differences in measures of pain intensity or pain tolerance during the cold pressor task, and no evidence of an interaction between baseline characteristics of the child and experimental condition.CONCLUSIONS: Mindful attention was successful in helping children focus attention on experimental pain without increasing pain intensity or decreasing tolerance compared with a well-established intervention for acute pain reduction.

Hope Against the Cold: Individual Differences in Trait Hope and Acute Pain Tolerance on the Cold Pressor Task

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Snyder ◽  
Carla Berg ◽  
Julia T. Woodward ◽  
Amber Gum ◽  
Kevin L. Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Cold Pressor Task ◽  
Trait Hope

Modification of Pain through Covert Positive Reinforcement

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Covert Rehearsal ◽  
Backward Conditioning ◽  
Cold Pressor Pain ◽  
Subjective Discomfort

This study investigated the effectiveness of covert positive reinforcement in modifying response to cold-pressor pain and in increasing the use of prescribed adaptive imagery. 80 women were randomly assigned to covert positive reinforcement, backward conditioning, covert rehearsal, and expectancy conditions. Covert positive reinforcement did not yield either greater pain tolerance and use of adaptive imagery or less subjective discomfort than the other conditions. Modification of pain was not associated with the use of adaptive imagery but was correlated with the clarity of imagery. 64% of the subjects reported using self-generated coping strategies. The results of this study contribute to the body of evidence which does not support the operant conceptualization of covert positive reinforcement.

scholarly journals The Role of Musical Attributes in Music-induced Analgesia: A Preliminary Brief Report

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Basiński ◽  
Agata Zdun-Ryżewska ◽  
Mikołaj Majkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Cold Pressor Task ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Musical Characteristics ◽  
Average Pain

Music-induced analgesia (MIA) is the ability of music to influence pain perception. Although this phenomenon has been extensively studied in recent years, only a few studies have addressed what musical characteristics are optimal for MIA. Here, we present a novel approach to this topic, using a recently proposed model of music attribute preferences. The model addresses three musical dimensions: arousal, valence, and depth. Thirty participants (fifteen women and fifteen men, M age = 37.1 years, standard deviation = 15.7) were subjected to experimental pain stimulation (cold-pressor task) while listening to music characteristic of the three attribute dimensions. There was also a control condition, where participants listened to white noise. Results showed that average pain ratings were significantly lower in arousal (p = .002) and depth (p = .01) conditions in comparison to the control condition. Furthermore, participants showed increased pain tolerance in musical conditions in comparison to the control condition (p = .04). The results contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms of pain modulation, and to the development of novel evidence-based therapies of chronic pain. In the advent of on-line music streaming services, this research opens new possibilities for music-based pain interventions.

scholarly journals Painfully Cold: Effects of a Loving-Kindness Meditation on Cold Pressor Task Performance and Empathic Responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Robertson ◽  
Evangeline Wheeler ◽  
Stephanie Lietzau
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Cold Pressor Task ◽  
Loving Kindness ◽  
Meditation Group ◽  
To Receive

Mindfulness meditation is sometimes taught as an adjunct to pain management techniques, but scant research has examined the mechanisms by which it works. We compared the effects of different types of meditation (i.e., mindfulness relaxation vs. loving-kindness) on pain tolerance and pain threshold, pain reactivity, self-reported pain levels, and pleasure during a cold pressor task. Furthermore, we explored how empathy levels may differ after a short-term meditation induction, since differences in empathy affect perception of pain. A sample of 71 participants was randomly assigned to receive one of two 6-minute meditation inductions before submerging their hand in ice-cold water. Results indicated no effect of condition on pain tolerance, threshold, or pain reactivity. However, participants in the loving-kindness meditation group reported greater pleasure than those in the mindfulness group. Moreover, empathy levels did not alter after induction, and did not have a significant role in pain management. Results are discussed in terms of how empathy affects pain perception and pain management.

scholarly journals The mechanisms of pain tolerance and pain-related anxiety in acute pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205510291986516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Cimpean ◽  
Daniel David
Keyword(s):  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Cold Pressor Task ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Sample ◽  
Anxiety Response ◽  
Response Expectancies

This study emphasizes the role of pain catastrophizing and state anxiety on pain tolerance and pain-related anxiety. Response expectancies for pain tolerance and pain intensity were tested as potential mediators. A cold-pressor task was used on a healthy sample. Measures were taken before and after cold-pressor procedure, while aversive versus neutral information regarding the cold-pressor task was given prior to the pain induction. An exploratory path model was conducted. Similar paths for pain tolerance and for pain-related anxiety were shown in aversive condition. Also, psychological measures may explain pain experience in aversive context.

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