Eye Movements and Cognitive Strategies

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cris W. Johnston ◽  
Francis J. Pirozzolo
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Reflection Method ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Scan Pattern

Eye movements were recorded using an infra-red reflection method from two female subjects while they took the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The purpose of the study was to investigate the manner in which oculomotor behavior may characterize an individual's verbal-cognitive ability, and to study processing and evaluating visual information. Correct responses on the test were best associated with relatively high fixation density, i.e., frequency, for the chosen item compared to alternative selections. When the chosen item was an incorrect response die most predictive measure was that the chosen item received the longest duration of fixation. Less useful measures studied were mean duration of fixation and total time spent looking at each alternative (gaze time). Upon exposure of the test items, the initial fixation was on the left and the initial direction of eye movement was clockwise. Based on a sequential “scan pattern” analysis of location, frequency, and duration of fixation, other evidence of psycho-oculomotor strategies was not observed. It is suggested that a trade-off may exist between the various parameters of oculomotor behavior and that perhaps by some unique combination and analysis of selected measures it would be possible to further elucidate how eye movements reflect cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Chapter 3. Where do we look, what do we see, what do we talk about

2018 ◽  
pp. 129-173
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Verbal Description ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Text Figure ◽  
The Way

In Сhapter 3 we compare how verbal and non-verbal visual information is processed. The questions we addresses are: How do the readers integrate text-figure information when reading and understanding verbal and non-verbal patterns, namely one and the same text in verbal for- mat and infographics? How the way humans perceive visual information determines the way they express it in natural language? How the verbalization affects the oculomotor behavior in visual processing? Our results support the assumption of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning that integration of verbal and pictural information with each other (a polycode text) helps the learners to understand and memorize the text and makes the comprehension easier. We demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the infographics (graphical visual repre- sentations of complex information) and verbal text. Also we discuss the relationship between visual processing of images and their verbalization. On one hand, the characteristics of eye movements when looking at the image determine its subsequent verbal description: the more fixations are made and the longer the gaze is directed to the certain area of the image, the more words are dedicated to this area in the following description. On the other hand, verbalization of the previously seen image affects the parameters of eye movements when re-viewing the same image, resulting with the appearance of the ambient processing pattern (short fixations and long saccades), while the re-viewing without verbalization results with the focal processing pattern (longer fixations and shorter saccades). The results obtained open up prospects for fur- ther research on visual perception and can also be used for computer vision models.

scholarly journals Does Cognitive Load Affect Eye Movements/Oculomotor Behavior in Natural Scenes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri Walter ◽  
Peter Bex
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior

Abstract Cognitive neuroscience researchers have identified relationships between cognitive load and eye movement behavior that are consistent with oculomotor biomarkers for neurological disorders. We develop an adaptive visual search paradigm that manipulates task difficulty and examine the effect of cognitive load on oculomotor behavior in healthy young adults. Participants (N=30) free-viewed a sequence of 100 natural scenes for 10 seconds each, while their eye movements were recorded. After each image, participants completed a 4 alternative forced choice task in which they selected a target object from the previously viewed scene, among 3 distracters of the same object type but from alternate scenes. Following two correct responses, the target object was selected from an image increasingly farther back (N-back) in the image stream; following an incorrect response, N decreased by 1. N-back thus quantifies and individualizes cognitive load. The results show that response latencies increased as N-back increased, and pupil diameter increased with N-back, before decreasing at very high N-back. These findings are consistent with previous studies and confirm that this paradigm was successful in actively engaging working memory, and successfully adapts task difficulty to individual subject’s skill levels. We hypothesized that oculomotor behavior would covary with cognitive load. However, there were no significant differences between the number or duration of fixations and saccades for high/low performing subjects, or between high/low performing trials for a given subject. Similarly, oculomotor behavior did not act as a predictor of correct/incorrect responses with increasing demand from the N-back task. Similarly, the proportion of each scene viewed was not related to N-back and was not a significant predictor of accuracy. These results suggest that cognitive load can be tracked with an adaptive visual search task, but that oculomotor strategies generally do not change as a result of greater cognitive demand in healthy adults.

Eye movements in sports research and practice: Immersive technologies as optimal environments for the study of gaze behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Mark Wilson ◽  
Tim Holmes ◽  
Toby de Burgh ◽  
Samuel James Vine
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Immersive Technologies

Head-mounted eye tracking has been fundamental for developing an understanding of sporting expertise, as the way in which performers sample visual information from the environment is a major determinant of successful performance. There is, however, a long running tension between the desire to study realistic, in-situ gaze behaviour and the difficulties of acquiring accurate ocular measurements in dynamic and fast-moving sporting tasks. Here, we describe how immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, offer an increasingly compelling approach for conducting eye movement research in sport. The possibility of studying gaze behaviour in representative and realistic environments, but with high levels of experimental control, could enable significant strides forward for eye tracking in sport and improve understanding of how eye movements underpin sporting skills. By providing a rationale for virtual reality as an optimal environment for eye tracking research, as well as outlining practical considerations related to hardware, software and data analysis, we hope to guide researchers and practitioners in the use of this approach.

Vision without Contours: Study of Visual Information from Ordinal Stimulation

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Sensitivity Threshold ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Illuminance Level ◽  
Sinusoidal Pattern ◽  
Moving Pattern ◽  
Sinusoidal Function

Continuous change of illuminance over retinal area in accordance with the sinusoidal function was studied as a stimulus for the human visual system. Its efficiency in controlling pursuit eye movements was compared with that of a stepwise luminance function (square wave). Such distributions of luminance were generated on a cathode ray screen (wavelength at the eye 9° and 3°) and were given a small translatory motion (2° – 12′). Ss were instructed to follow the moving pattern with pursuit eye movements. There is no difference in performance between the two types of brightness distributions. A stimulus motion of 24′ was sufficient to produce full evidence of eye tracking in all Ss also from the contour-free sinusoidal pattern. This means that the brightness change in every point of the CRT screen was far below the retinal sensitivity threshold at the illuminance level used. Thus a summation effect occurs. This was taken as a support for an hypothesis about “ordinal” stimulation. Arguments from modern neurophysiology are introduced and yield further support for the conclusion.

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