Physiological and Psychological Responses to Exercise with an Induced Attentional Focus

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Wrisberg ◽  
B. Don Franks ◽  
Marianne W. Birdwell ◽  
David M. High
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
External Focus ◽  
Study Techniques

In this study techniques were employed to induce exercising subjects to focus attention on themselves or on an external event. A total of 20 adult subjects (10 men and 10 women) were familiarized with a treadmill exercise protocol and then on two subsequent occasions performed sub-maximal exercise followed by a run to exhaustion under attentional conditions of self-focus (watching themselves in a mirror while listening to their breathing) and external focus (watching and listening to a movie). The order of focus conditions was counterbalanced among subjects. Analysis of postexperimental responses from subjects indicated that the procedures used to induce each type of attentional focus were successful. However, physiological and psychological responses in the two focus conditions were not always uniform for men and women, particularly during light work when men tended to have higher heart rates and significantly lower Rated Perceived Exertion while women had lower heart rates and higher Rated Perceived Exertion under self-focused conditions than under externally focused conditions. Possible explanations for the incongruence of physiological and psychological responses of men and women to the two types of attentional focus are discussed.

Gender differences in the decline in aerobic capacity and its physiological determinants during the later decades of life

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 938-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Weiss ◽  
Robert J. Spina ◽  
John O. Holloszy ◽  
Ali A. Ehsani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Maximal Cardiac Output ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Gender Specific

We investigated the hemodynamic determinants of the age-associated decline in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) and the influence of gender on the decline in V̇o2 max and its determinants in old and very old men and women. Sedentary, 60- to 92-yr-old women ( n = 71) and men ( n = 29), with no evidence of cardiovascular disease, underwent maximal treadmill exercise tests during which V̇o2 max and maximal cardiac output (Q̇max) were determined. V̇o2 max and age were inversely related in both women (−23 ± 2 ml·min−1·yr−1; P < 0.0001) and men (−57 ± 5 ml·min−1·yr−1; P < 0.0001). The absolute slope of the V̇o2 max vs. age relationship was twofold steeper in men than in women ( P < 0.0001). Q̇max was also inversely related to age in a gender-specific manner (women = −87 ± 25 ml·min−1·yr−1, P = 0.0009; men = −215 ± 50 ml·min−1·yr−1, P = 0.0002; P = 0.01 women vs. men). Age-related changes in maximal exercise arteriovenous oxygen content difference (a-vDo2) were marginally different ( P = 0.08) between women (−0.12 ± 0.03 ml·dl−1·yr−1, P = 0.0003) and men (−0.22 ± 0.04 ml·dl−1·yr−1, P < 0.0001). Age-associated decreases in Q̇max and a-vDo2 contributed equally to the declines in V̇o2 max in both men and women. In the later stages of life, V̇o2 max, Q̇max, and a-vDo2 decrease with age more rapidly in older men than they do in older women. As a result, the gender differences dissipate in the later decades of life. Declines in Q̇max and a-vDo2 contribute equally to the age-related decrease in V̇o2 max in men and women.

Perceptual Responses to Deep Water Running and Treadmill Exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley P. Brown ◽  
Linda F. Chitwood ◽  
Kim R. Beason ◽  
Deena R. McLemore
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Discrete Variables ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Deep Water Running

Perceived exertion during deep water running and treadmill exercise was measured to examine gender and mode-specific responses. Deep water running to VO2 peak was performed in 3-min. stages at leg speeds controlled by a metronome. Treadmill exercise was performed at matched leg speeds. VO2 and heart rate were continuously monitored by open circuit spirometry and radiotelemetry. Perceived exertion was measured using Borg's 6–20 point scale. Statistical analyses were performed using multiple linear regression with dummy coded discrete variables. Ratings of perceived exertion were significantly higher during deep water running when exercising at equal leg speeds. Mean rated perceived exertion at each stage of the test for either exercise mode was not significantly different between men and women.

scholarly journals Self-Selected Training Load and RPE During Resistance and Aerobic Training Among Recreational Exercisers

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo R. C. Dias ◽  
Roberto Simão ◽  
Francisco J. F. Saavedra ◽  
Cosme F. Buzzachera ◽  
Steven Fleck
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Specific Instruction ◽  
Trained Subjects

This study compared training load and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during resistance training (RT) and aerobic training (AT) sessions at self-selected intensity. Participants were 54 recreationally trained subjects assigned to either RT or AT groups. During RT, participants performed three sets of 10 repetitions of each exercise at a self-selected intensity (load). After RT completion, participants performed one repetition maximum (1RM) and 10RM tests. During AT, participants performed a treadmill exercise at a self-selected intensity and duration (velocity and time). After AT completion, participants performed a treadmill maximal exercise test using a ramp protocol. During RT, subjects chose an intensity (43.6%–60.2% 1RM) below typical training recommendations, and RPE increased in successive exercise sets. During AT, participants chose an intensity (83.9% Heart Ratepeak) in line with typical training recommendations, and RPE increased from the first to second quartile of the session (from a mean of 3.9, standard deviation [ SD] = 1.7 to a mean of 5.4, SD = 1.7; p < .05) and remained stable thereafter. These recreationally trained participants self-selected lower RT intensities than are typically recommended for strength and hypertrophy increases (>67% 1RM) and AT intensities in line with typically recommended intensity (64%–95% HRmax) for cardiovascular fitness increases. Thus, for recreational trained individuals to perform RT at recommended intensities, specific instruction will be required.

Male Psychological Responses to Idealized Images of Men and Women

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Philip ◽  
Donald R. McCreary ◽  
Jennifer S. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Men And Women

Effect of Therapy Using Aquatic Treadmill on the Functional Status of Patients with Knee Arthrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Maruszewska ◽  
Lech Panasiuk ◽  
Agnieszka Buczaj ◽  
Anna Pecyna
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Exercise Programme ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Lequesne Index ◽  
Knee Arthrosis ◽  
Index Of Severity ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aquatic Treadmill

Introduction: Arthrosis is considered as a disease of the whole locomotor system, which may be prevented and treated at early stages. Gonarthrosis develops gradually within 10-15 years, interfering with daily activities and capability for work. Aquatic exercises are considered as a potentially effective therapeutic intervention in persons with knee arthrosis. Aim: Assessment of the effectiveness of a 4-week aquatic treadmill exercise programme, with respect to the measurement of pain, balance, function, and mobility. Materials and Methods: The study covered 15 patients with gonarthrosis, using a 4-week cycle of exercises. The results of measurements included a visual-analogue scale for assessing pain, Time Up and Go (TUG) for balance, 6-meter walk test for mobility and Lequesne index for function. The exercise protocol covered an aquatic treadmill using water jets to destabilize while standing, and achieve high ratings of perceived exertion during walking. Results: The comparison of results obtained by the patients after 20 interventions, with those obtained before therapy allowing the presumption that on the level of significance α= 0.05 there occurred statistically significant differences in the results of the tests performed (p<0.05). This concerned both pain complaints (VAS scale, Lequesne index of severity for arthrosis of the knee), as well as functional tests TUG, and measurement of the range of motion (p = 0.041-0.001). Conclusions: Based on the results of the study a decrease was observed in pain complaints, improvement of the range of motion in the joints, balance and function, after participation in a 4-week aquatic treadmill exercise programme, which contained the components of balance and endurance training.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Caffeine Intake on Psychological Responses and High-Intensity Exercise Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
Pablo Veiga-Herreros ◽  
Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver ◽  
Juan José Montoya ◽  
Juan José Ramos-Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Subjective Vitality ◽  
Positive Effects

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on: (i) psychological responses of subjective vitality and mood; (ii) performance through a Wingate test; and (iii) rate of perceived exertion (RPE) reported after a Wingate test. Methods: Fifteen male participants (22.60 ± 2.16 years) ingested 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo (sucrose) supplementation in two experimental sessions. After 60 min from supplement intake, participants fulfilled two questionnaires, which measured subjective vitality and mood state, respectively. Subsequently, participants’ performance was assessed through a Wingate test, which was followed by measurements of RPE at general, muscular, or cardiovascular level. Results: Caffeine supplementation increased some components of mood, as assessed by profile of mood states (POMS) (tension and vigor dimensions) and subjective vitality profiles, which were followed by a greater maximum power, average power, and lower time needed to reach maximum power during the Wingate test. Moreover, lower RPE, both at muscular and general levels were reported by participants after the Wingate test. Conclusions: These results suggest that caffeine supplementation exerts positive effects both in psychological and physical domains in trained subjects.

scholarly journals To Focus or Not to Focus: Is Attention on the Core Components of Action Beneficial for Cycling Performance?

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Bertollo ◽  
Selenia di Fronso ◽  
Edson Filho ◽  
Vito Lamberti ◽  
Patrizio Ripari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Type 3

We conducted a counterbalanced repeated measure trial to investigate the effect of different internal and external associative strategies on endurance performance. Seventeen college-aged students were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions to test the notion that different attention-performance types (optimal Type 1, functional Type 2, and dysfunctional Type 3) would influence endurance time on a cycling task. Specifically, Type 1 represented an effortless and automatic, “flow-feeling” attentional mode. Type 2 referred to an associative focus directed at core components of the task. Type 3 represented an attentional focus directed at irrelevant components of the task. Participants completed three time-to-exhaustion-tests while reporting their perceived exertion and affective states (arousal and hedonic tone). Results revealed that Type 1 and Type 2 attentional strategies, compared with Type 3 strategy, exerted functional effects on performance, whereas a Type 3 strategy was linked to lower performance, and lower levels of arousal and pleasantness. Applied implications are discussed.

Expected Task Duration and Perceived Effort: An Attributional Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Rejeski ◽  
Paul M. Ribisl
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Task Duration ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Attributional Analysis ◽  
Male Subjects

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of anticipated task duration on ratings of perceived exertion during treadmill running. Male subjects.(N = 15) completed two separate runs on a motor-driven treadmill at 85% V02 max. During one trial, subjects ran for a period of 20 minutes, while for a second trial, subjects were led to believe that they would be running for 30 minutes. In each case, the trials were terminated at the 20-minute mark. Ratings of perceived exertion, heart rates, respiratory rates, and ventilatory minute volumes were collected across each trial. Results supported the supposition that the anticipation of continued performance mediated ratings of effort expenditure. This effect was obtained only during moderate work levels and was in contrast to research examining mental fatigue.

A treadmill exercise regimen for identifying cardiovascular phenotypes in transgenic mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (3) ◽  
pp. H1595-H1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Fewell ◽  
H. Osinska ◽  
R. Klevitsky ◽  
W. Ng ◽  
G. Sfyris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Hypertrophic Response ◽  
Cardiovascular Stress ◽  
Exercise Regimen ◽  
Ventricular Myosin ◽  
Tubular System ◽  
Transverse Axial

Cardiovascular stress in response to treadmill exercise is frequently used to detect cardiac abnormalities that are not readily apparent at rest. Herein we describe a treadmill exercise protocol for mice that allows for quantitation of the performance of an animal and the ability to gather metabolic information in a nonrestraining manner using telemetry implant devices. Transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing ventricular myosin regulatory light chain (MLC2v) were subjected to a 5-wk exercise regimen. The TG mice had significant decreases in their capacity for exercise at relatively high treadmill speeds compared with their nontransgenic (NTG) littermates. There was no indication of a hypertrophic response occurring in TG or NTG animals in response to the exercise protocol, and exercise had no effect on MLC2v phosphorylation. Ultrastructural examination of TG atria showed overtly normal myofibrillar organization but a proliferation of the transverse-axial tubular system. This exercise protocol should prove useful in detecting subtle phenotypes that occur in mice as a result of genetic manipulation of the cardiac compartment.

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