Relation between Musical Aptitude and Intelligence among Mentally Retarded, Advantaged, and Disadvantaged Subjects

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in scores of 59 mentally retarded adults (mild, moderate, severe, or profound), 133 advantaged, and 130 disadvantaged (low income) children in Grades 1, 2, 3 on the Primary Measures of Music Audiation. Test-retest reliabilities for the Tonal and Rhythm subtests were .81 and .86, respectively, for the retarded group. Analysis of variance indicated that the mildly retarded children performed significantly better than other groups of retarded children on these two tests. 2 × 3 analyses of variance indicated that third graders from both advantaged and disadvantaged groups performed significantly better than the first or second graders on both subtests and that advantaged children performed significantly better than the disadvantaged. However, disadvantaged children made greater gains, especially for third graders, than the advantaged.

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Head Start: Making a Popular Program Work

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.79.3.440 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 440-441

Author(s):

DOUGLAS J. BESHAROV ◽

TERRY W. HARTLE

Keyword(s):

Head Start ◽

School Performance ◽

Low Income ◽

Annual Cost ◽

Safety Net ◽

Learning Ability ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Disadvantaged Children ◽

Low Income Children ◽

Poor Children

Head Start, the federal government's preschool program for low-income children, is one of the nation's most popular domestic initiatives. In 1980, President Carter praised it as "a program that works." President Reagan included Head Start in the "safety net" and has presided over a substantial funding increase. Head Start began in 1965 as a 6-week summer experiment in using child development services to improve the future prospects of disadvantaged children. It quickly became a full year program. Now, 20 years old, it serves about 450,000 children, at an annual cost of more than $1 billion. The program's popularity is based on the widespread impression that it lifts poor children out of poverty by improving their learning ability and school performance.

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Education

Child Poverty ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447334668.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 77-96

Author(s):

Morag C. Treanor

Keyword(s):

Peer Relationships ◽

Low Income ◽

Child Poverty ◽

Educational Transitions ◽

Parental Relationships ◽

Disadvantaged Children ◽

Low Income Children ◽

School Day ◽

Attainment Gap ◽

The Cost

Chapter five explores the importance of understanding child poverty and its relationship to children’s education. It takes a child-centred perspective to situate children in the context of their peer relationships, pupil-teacher relationships and parental relationships to explore their wellbeing and achievement at school. Education has the potential to be a vital passport for low income children, but many children are unsettled, undervalued and underachieving at school. This chapter explores the importance of education, of school social and academic life to children living in poverty, of educational transitions, of examinations and achievements, and of wellbeing, participation and inclusion at school. It looks at how school culture and the misunderstandings of teachers on the causes and consequences of poverty can present a barrier to the full participation of children living in poverty in their schooling. It also addresses the cost of a school day some of the parental factors that are suggested to influence a child’s education, such as the so-called ‘poverty of aspiration’. It concludes by looking at the policy responses of affluent societies, which aim to close the attainment gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children, and discusses why we need to flip the thinking on education for children living in poverty.

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Exclusive Breastfeeding Protects Young Children from Stunting in a Low-Income Population: A Study from Eastern Indonesia

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4264

Author(s):

Hamam Hadi ◽

Fatimatasari Fatimatasari ◽

Winda Irwanti ◽

Chahya Kusuma ◽

Ratih Devi Alfiana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Household Expenditures ◽

Eastern Indonesia ◽

Low Income Children ◽

Secondary Analyses ◽

Better Than

The prevalence of stunting in young Indonesian children is the highest among countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Breastfed children are reported to grow better than non-breastfed. The present study examined the protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against stunting in children under two years old (CU2) and its interaction with monthly household expenditure. Secondary analyses were conducted based on a 2012 cross-sectional study including 408 children aged 6–24 months and their caregivers from 14 villages in rural Eastern Indonesia. Data on breastfeeding history, childcare, and household expenditures were collected using structured questionnaires. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each village (n = 14). Nearly two-thirds (61%) of caregivers who identified as the biological mother exclusively breastfed their child at 6 months. Exclusively-breastfed CU2 from poorer households were 20% less likely to be stunted than their non-exclusively-breastfed peers. Further, exclusively-breastfed CU2 from wealthier households were 50% less likely to be stunted than non-exclusively-breastfed CU2 from poorer households. FGDs revealed that some mothers were unaware of the importance of recommended breastfeeding practices. Exclusive breastfeeding may protect low-income children against stunting. Health promotion to improve caregiver motivation to exclusively breastfeed is critical in the present setting and beyond.

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