Insulin and Dextrose Effects on Fixed-Interval Behavioral Thermoregulation in Albino Rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Connie P. Anderson ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn ◽  
Julie D. Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Operant Responding

This study is a systematic replication of the effects of insulin doses on operant behavior reinforced (in an earlier study) by fixed-ratio schedules of microwave (MW) reinforcement. In this study, insulin and dextrose doses were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of MW reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Six Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW radiation (SAR = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2) under the FI-2′ schedules. Humulin-regular insulin and 50% solutions of dextrose were administered (ip) alternately with saline control sessions for 8-hr. durations. A within-subjects, repeated-measures 4 × 8 × 3 factorial analysis of variance design showed that insulin doses suppressed operant responding for heat, which confirmed the results of the earlier study under a different schedule. In addition, high doses of dextrose had similar suppressing effects on operant responding for heat. The data are interpreted in terms of the discriminative properties of increased thermogenesis produced by the insulin and dextrose doses. The suppressing effects were more pronounced for the first two hours, yet they persisted for approximately six hours of the 8-hr. sessions.

Salty Solutions: Their Effects on Thermal Set Points in Behavioral Repertoires of Albino Rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Rwanda Aker ◽  
Stanley W. Howard ◽  
Wendy M. Jones ◽  
Morgan W. Kimball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Post Hoc

Salt (sodium chloride) has been linked to increased blood pressure and a rise in core body temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate the role played by salt in altering behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats. Different doses of sodium chloride were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold Skinner Box. Three Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement in a repeated-measures reversal design. Friedman's non-parametric test showed significant differences among sodium chloride doses and physiologically normal saline. Post hoc sign tests showed that all doses of NaCI suppressed operant behavior for heat except 60 mg/kg. The hypothesis that sodium chloride lowers hypothalamic set point for heat was partially supported.

Insulin, Exercise, and Dietary Effects upon Behavioral Thermoregulation in Albino Rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kimberly E. Tyler ◽  
Nancy Hartzog ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Functional Relationships

The objectives of this exploratory research were to assess the effects of insulin preparations (Humulin-regular and NPH) on operant behavior reinforced by schedules of microwave radiation in a cold environment and to measure changes in this thermoregulatory behavior as a function of exercise and food deprivation. Eight albino rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 6-sec. exposures of microwave (MW) radiation (SAR = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2) under FR-1 and FR-10 schedules. Regular-insulin and NPH-insulin sessions were administered alternately with saline-control sessions for 8-hr. durations. Exercise in an activity wheel and 48 hr. of food deprivation (diet) were additional independent variables used to alter thermoregulation. Three randomized-block analysis of variance designs with repeated measures showed that insulin preparations resulted in a suppression of operant responding for heat, yet food deprivation increased rates of microwave responding. These data are interpreted in terms of functional relationships between ambient temperature changes, core body temperature, blood glucose fluctuations, and operant behavior.

Aspartame's Effects on Behavioral Thermoregulation in Albino Rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Janet E. McAleer ◽  
Andrea C. Rockwell ◽  
Charles R. Granade ◽  
Deborah L. Parman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Reinforcing Stimuli

Aspartame (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) was administered intraperitoneally to 9 Sprague-Dawley rats partitioned into 2 studies (4 in Study 1 and 5 for a replication in Study 2) over a two-year period using a within-subjects, repeated-measures reversal design Behavioral thermoregulation was assessed in a cold Skinner Box using 5-sec. exposures of microwave radiation [Specific Absorption Rate = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2)] as reinforcing stimuli under a fixed-interval 2-min. schedule of positive reinforcement. Two factorial analyses of variance [5 (doses) × 8 (hours)] indicated that the main effect for the doses of aspartame (2, 4, 8, 16 mg/kg, and saline control) was not significant; yet, the interaction (dose × hours) was significant (p<.05). Tentatively, aspartame should not cause an uncomfortable rise in body temperature (as sugar can do) when consumed in common substances such as soft drinks, yogurt, tea, coffee, etc., in doses commensurate with “hedonic” sweetness.

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) Effects on Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kendra L. M. Laconsay ◽  
Andrea C. Agnew ◽  
Mary E. Henderson ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Post Hoc

Aspirin is a widely used over-the-counter drug in our society which has wide therapeutic value, yet not all of the behavioralside effects have been studied. Different doses of aspirin solutions were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Four Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement. Friedman's nonparametric test showed significant differences among aspirin and saline-control doses. Post hoc sign tests showed that a moderate dose of aspirin increased operant behavior reinforced by MW radiation, yet lower and higher doses decreased and then increased the rate of responding which resulted in an inverted U-shaped trend. Possible multiple effects of aspirin in terms of its thermoregulatory as well as its pain-tolerance properties, and implications for hypothalamic “set point” are discussed.

Behavioral Effects of Microwave Reinforcement Schedules and Variations in Microwave Intensity on Albino Rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
J. Ken Lambert ◽  
Stella W. Brown ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Exploratory Investigation

The objective of this exploratory investigation was to determine the interactive effects of fixed-ratio scheduling of microwave reinforcement in tandem with changes in microwave intensity. Nine albino rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with microwave radiation while living in a Skinner (operant conditioning) Box in which the ambient temperature was about 27.13°F at the beginning of the session. Each rat obtained a 6-sec. exposure of microwave radiation on a fixed-ratio schedule of MW reinforcement, the values of which varied from FR-1 to FR-30. Intensities of MW radiation were 62.5 W, 125 W, 250 W, and 437.5 W. Sessions lasted for 8 to 9 hr. over an approximate 13-mo. period. The effects of the intensity of microwave reinforcement varied as a function of the ratio value of the schedule used. Continuous reinforcement (FR-1) produced the lowest over-all rates, whereas FR-15, and FR-25 produced the highest over-all rates. Relatively higher thermal-behavior rates occurred under 62.5 W than under any of the other MW intensities for FR-1, FR-15, and FR-25, whereas FR-10 and FR-30 ratios produced intermediate rates of thermal responding which were constant for all values of MW intensity. These data are explained in terms of interactive effects between the “local” satiation or deprivation properties of the MW intensity and the ratio requirements of the schedule of MW reinforcement.

Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation of Albino Rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Jerry M. Mott ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn ◽  
Kathy L. Loskamp ◽  
Rebecca S. Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Operant Responding ◽  
Reinforcing Value ◽  
Reversal Design

The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the extent to which microwave radiation would reinforce operant behavior in a cold environment. A reversal-design with the single subject serving as its own control was used for testing the reinforcing properties of microwaves. Six albino rats were conditioned to produce 6-sec. pulses of microwave radiation within a refrigerated environment. The schedule of reinforcement was continuous (erf). Each lever press produced a 6-sec. output of microwave radiation. The intensity of radiation was varied across blocks of sessions in the reversal design. Microwave values used were as follows: 62.5 W, 125 W, 250 W, and 437.5 W. Sessions lasted from 8 to 9 hr. over an approximate 7-mo. period. Results showed that rates of operant responding varied as a direct function of microwave intensity. Relatively high mean rates were associated with moderate microwave intensity (250 W), whereas lower mean rates of responding were associated with extreme microwave intensities (62.5 W and 437.5 W) in the reversal design. These data are explained in terms of satiation and deprivation of the reinforcing value of microwave radiation.

Alcohol Effects on Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1160-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Mary L. Rust ◽  
Pamela M. Mortellaro ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn ◽  
Jane M. Barbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Alcohol Effects ◽  
High Doses

Ethanol may play an active role in modifying “set point” levels in conjunction with behavioral thermoregulation. A geometric series of doses of ethanol solutions was administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Four Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement. Friedman's nonparametric test showed significant differences between ethanol doses, and Sign tests showed that moderate and high doses of ethanol suppressed operant behavior reinforced by MW radiation. Interactions between changes in “set-point” and discriminative properties of ethanol are discussed.

Effect of unilateral nasal obstruction on tongue protrusion forces in growing rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 1128-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Harumi Uchima Koecklin ◽  
Chiho Kato ◽  
Yukiha Funaki ◽  
Maya Hiranuma ◽  
Takayoshi Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Obstruction ◽  
Decay Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Contraction Force ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Experimental Group

Mouth breathing caused by nasal obstruction affects the normal growth and development of craniofacial structures, including changes in the orofacial muscles. Tongue muscles play an important role in patency of the pharyngeal airway, and changes in the breathing pattern may influence tongue function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of unilateral nasal obstruction during growth on contractile properties of the tongue-protruding muscles. Sixty 6-day-old male Wistar albino rats were divided randomly into control ( n = 30) and experimental ( n = 30) groups. Rats in the experimental group underwent a unilateral nasal obstruction after cauterization of the external nostril at the age of 8 days, and muscle contractile characteristics were measured at 5, 7, and 9 wk of age. The specific parameters measured were twitch force, contraction time, half-decay time, tetanic force, and fatigue index. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used for intergroup and intragroup statistical comparisons. Twitch contraction force and half-decay time were significantly increased in the experimental group at all ages. Tetanic forces at 60 and 80 Hz were significantly higher in the experimental group at all ages. The fatigue index was decreased significantly in the experimental group at the age of 5 wk. These results suggest that early unilateral nasal obstruction may increase the contraction force of the tongue-protruding muscles and prolong the duration of muscle contraction, which may influence the shape and development of the craniofacial complex.

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