Remembering Spatial Locations: Effects of Material and Intelligence

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesualdo M. Zucco ◽  
Alessandra Tessari ◽  
Salvatore Soresi
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Encoding Strategies ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Concrete Words

The aim of the present work was to test some of the criteria for automaticity of spatial-location coding claimed by Hasher and Zacks, particularly individual differences (as intelligence invariance) and effortful encoding strategies. Two groups of subjects, 15 with mental retardation (Down Syndrome, mean chronological age, 20.9 yr.; mean mental age, 11.6 yr.) and 15 normal children (mean age, 11.5 yr.), were administered four kinds of stimuli (pictures, concrete words, nonsense pictures, and abstract words) at one location on a card. Subsequently, subjects were presented the items on the card's centre and were required to place the items in their original locations. Analysis indicated that those with Down Syndrome scored lower than normal children on the four tasks and that stimuli were better or worse remembered according to their characteristics, e.g., their imaginability. Results do not support some of the conditions claimed to be necessary criteria for automaticity in the recall of spatial locations as stated by Hasher and Zacks.

Chronological Age and Receptive Vocabulary of Persons with down Syndrome

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Facon ◽  
Jean-Claude Grubar ◽  
Christine Gardez
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Peabody Picture Vocabulary ◽  
French Version ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Mental Maturity ◽  
The Relationship

The Test de Vocabulaire en Images (the French version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale were administered to 29 participants with Down syndrome aged 6.1 yr. to 13.0 yr. Analysis indicated a significant association between chronological age and the Test de Vocabulaire en Images mental age. This finding seems to suggest that the relationship between chronological age and the receptive vocabulary of persons with mental retardation is not specific to etiology.

Adults with Down Syndrome Benefit from Visual Instructions for Spatial-Temporal Aspects of Drumming

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon D. Ringenbach ◽  
Anna Balp-Riera
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Temporal Measures ◽  
Visual Instructions

Ten adults with Down syndrome (DS), 10 mental age-matched, and 10 chronological age-matched participants drummed continuously with both hands for 10 s in response to verbal in-phase (”up,” “down”) and anti-phase (”left,” “right”), visual in-phase (video of both drumsticks moving up and down together) and anti-phase (video of the left, then right drumstick hitting each drum), and auditory in-phase (sound of both drums being hit, then cymbal being hit) and anti-phase (sound of one drum being hit, then the other drum being hit) instructions. Timing and coordination consistency were similar for in-phase and anti-phase drumming for adults with DS, whereas in-phase was more consistent than anti-phase drumming for CA. In addition, spatial-temporal measures showed performance advantages when using visual instructions.

Melodic Memory Tests: A Comparison of Normal Children and Mental Defectives

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlette Zenatti
Keyword(s):  
Memory Test ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Normal Intelligence ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Mental Defectives ◽  
Age Range

A melodic memory test divided into two series, one tonal and the other atonal, was given to 480 children of normal intelligence and 396 mental defectives. The normal group ranged in age between 5 years, 6 months, and 16 years, 6 months. The defectives (IQs between 50 and 85) had an age range of 8 years, 4 months, to 16 years, 6 months. The results demonstrated that the acuity of perceptive discrimination in the defectives was clearly inferior to that of the normal children of the same chronological age and approximated that of normal children of the same mental age. Tonal acculturation was shown by a significantly easier discrimination in the tonal series, in relation to the mental age of the subjects.

Chronological Age and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Performance of Persons with Mental Retardation: New Data

1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1232-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Facon ◽  
Therese Facon-Bollengier
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Peabody Picture Vocabulary ◽  
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test ◽  
French Version ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Mental Maturity

The Test de Vocabulaire en Images (the French version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale were administered to 44 persons with mental retardation who were aged 6.8 yr. to 18.2 yr. Analysis indicated a significant influence of chronological age on the Test de Vocabulaire en Images Mental Age. This influence of chronological age probably explains why receptive vocabulary tests consistently overestimate the IQ of persons with mental retardation.

Effects of Phonological Impairment on Word, Syllable, and Phoneme Segmentation and Reading

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope E. Webster ◽  
Amy Solomon Plante
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Phoneme Segmentation ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
The Impact

The primary purpose of this study was to compare the phonological awareness ability of children with persistent phonological impairment to that of phonologically normal children. We also studied the impact of speech intelligibility on beginning reading skills. Eleven moderate to severely unintelligible children and 11 phonologically normal children between the ages of 6:5 (years:months) and 8:6 were administered four measures of phonological awareness and one measure of word recognition (reading) ability. Phonologically normal children scored significantly higher on three of the four phonological awareness measures. There were no significant differences for word recognition. Multiple regression analysis yielded speech intelligibility as a highly significant predictor of performance on three of the four phonological awareness tasks. We concluded that phonological awareness is closely associated with productive phonological ability independent of mental age, chronological age, and educational experience.

Relationship between Age and Head Movement during Stepping in Place by Nonhandicapped Children and Persons with Mental Retardation

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Okuzumi ◽  
Atsushi Tanaka ◽  
Kouichi Haishi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Stepping In Place ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated developmental changes in head movement during stepping in place by nonhandicapped children and clarified the relationship between chronological or mental age and head movement of persons with mental retardation. 39 nonhandicapped children aged 3 to 6 years, 13 adults aged 19 to 22 years, and 10 persons with mental retardation (range of chronological age: 17 to 22 years, range of mental age: 3 to 8 years) participated. The total extent of head movement in the frontal plane during ordinary stepping in place for 20.48 sec. was measured to assess the magnitude of head movement. Changes in the magnitude of head movement of children are noticeable across ages, and the magnitude clearly was smaller at the age of 6 years. For subjects with mental retardation, no relationship has been found between chronological age and the magnitude of head movement but rather between mental age and the magnitude of head movement.

scholarly journals Learning and Using Abstract Words: Evidence from Clinical Populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Lorusso ◽  
Michele Burigo ◽  
Alessandro Tavano ◽  
Anna Milani ◽  
Sara Martelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Profile ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Concrete Concepts ◽  
Concrete Words

It has been shown that abstract concepts are more difficult to process and are acquired later than concrete concepts. We analysed the percentage of concrete words in the narrative lexicon of individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) as compared to individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) and typically developing (TD) peers. The cognitive profile of WS is characterized by visual-spatial difficulties, while DS presents with predominant impairments in linguistic abilities. We predicted that if linguistic abilities are crucial to the development and use of an abstract vocabulary, DS participants should display a higher concreteness index than both Williams Syndrome and typically developing individuals. Results confirm this prediction, thus supporting the hypothesis of a crucial role of linguistic processes in abstract language acquisition. Correlation analyses suggest that a maturational link exists between the level of abstractness in narrative production and syntactic comprehension.

Profiles of Sensorimotor Development in Children with Autism and with Developmental Delay

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1107-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Bernabei ◽  
Gemma Fenton ◽  
A. Fabrizi ◽  
Luigia Camaioni ◽  
Paola Perucchini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Object Permanence ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Sensorimotor Development ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Developmental Profiles

Aim of the study was (1) to evaluate sensorimotor development of children with autism in comparison with that of children with developmental delay, (2) to verify the possible unevenness of the developmental profiles through correlations amongst domains and between domains and chronological age. 46 children with autism were compared with 45 children with developmental delay. Mean chronological age was 3.7 yr. in children with autism and 3.6 yr. in children with mental retardation. Mean mental age was 1.3 yr. in children with autism and 1.1 yr. in children with developmental delay. Ordinal scales of Uzgiris-Hunt show that the two groups score significantly differently on the scales of Object Permanence, Means-Ends, Operational Causality, and Spatial Relations and that scores were higher for the children with autism. The comparison made between the developmental levels of each group indicate that the sensorimotor profile in children with developmental delay is fairly homogeneous, while it appears uneven in autistic children, for whom Object Permanence appears to be the most advanced skill, Verbal and Gestural Imitation and Schemes for Relating to Objects the lowest. The results are in keeping with the assumption that the pivotal defect of autism is a deficit in social interactive skills.

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