Effect of Verbal Cues on Recognition Memory and Pleasantness Evaluation of Unfamiliar Odors

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saho Ayabe-Kanamum ◽  
Tadashi Kikuchi ◽  
Sachiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Verbal Label ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Verbal Labels ◽  
Unpleasant Odor

The experiment investigated the effect of verbal cues on recognition memory for unfamiliar odors. 58 participants learned 20 odors of chemical substances. The control group learned the odors without accompanying verbal labels whereas two other groups learned the odors with accompanying verbal labels. The labels referred to relatively pleasant or unpleasant odor sources. On a memory test, administered 15 min. and also 1 wk. after the learning phase, participants were asked to recognize 10 learned odors from 10 unlearned odors and to evaluate each odor's pleasantness. Analysis showed (a) the verbal labels did not facilitate recognition of the unfamiliar odors, (b) recognition performance was lower after 1 wk. than after 15 min., and (c) rated pleasantness tended to be affected by the verbal label assigned to the odor in the learning phase.

Comparing the sensitivity of face matching assessments to detect face perception deficits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maruti Mishra ◽  
Regan Fry ◽  
Elyana Saad ◽  
Joseph Arizpe ◽  
Yuri-Grace Ohashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
University Of Southern California ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Information Research

Numerous neurological, developmental, and psychiatric conditions demonstrate impaired face recognition abilities, which can be socially debilitating. These impairments could be caused by either deficient face perceptual processes, such as reduced ability to integrate face parts into a whole, or deficient face memory processes, such as reduced ability to associate a face with semantic information. Research and clinical practice have focused more on developing face memory assessments, while it currently remains unclear which face perception assessments best captures perceptual deficits. A validated face perception measure could not only help with diagnosing the causes of face recognition deficits but could also help determine the most appropriate treatment. Here, we compare several available face perception assessments to identify those that can best assess perception deficits in developmental prosopagnosics. Thirty prosopagnosics and thirty age-matched neurotypical controls completed a battery of four face perception assessments, namely, computerized Benton Face Recognition Test, Cambridge Face Perception Test, University of Southern California Face Perception Test, and Telling Faces Together Test. They were also evaluated on two face recognition/ memory measures- Cambridge face memory test and famous faces memory test. We used logistic regression for the perception tests to predict prosopagnosic vs. control group membership and used multiple linear regressions to predict continuous objective and subjective measures of face recognition memory. Our results show that the Benton face test was the most reliable (α = 0.74), sensitive (AUC= 0.83), and predictive assessment of prosopagnosia diagnosis and face memory performance across the groups. The Cambridge face perception test also performed adequately well in terms of test sensitivity (AUC=0.80) and predicted face memory performance across the groups. Further, we found that face lighting change trials better predicted DP group membership and face recognition abilities than viewpoint-change trials. Together, these results have direct clinical application in assessing populations with face processing difficulties.

scholarly journals Evidence for normal novel object recognition abilities in developmental prosopagnosia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan Fry ◽  
Jeremy Bennet Wilmer ◽  
Isabella Xie ◽  
Mieke Verfaellie ◽  
Joseph DeGutis
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Familiar Object ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Novel Object Recognition ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Essentially Normal

The question of the face specificity of recognition deficits in prosopagnosia is fundamental to the organization of high-level visual processing and memory and has been vigorously debated numerous times over the last 20 years. This debate was recently revived in developmental prosopagnosics (DPs) by a meta-analysis reporting that a large percentage of DPs (ranging from 22-80%) have mild to major object recognition deficits (Geskin & Behrmann, 2017). Subsequent studies have also shown significantly lower DP group-level object recognition performance. However, previous investigations measuring object recognition have largely used familiar objects (e.g., cars) where performance may depend on object-specific experience, leaving the question open as to whether DPs would perform similarly when the stimuli are completely unfamiliar objects. To investigate this, in the current study we tested 30 DPs and 30 matched controls on a novel object memory test (NOMT Ziggerins) and the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT). DPs were impaired on the CFMT but performed similarly to controls on the NOMT. We also compared DP NOMT performance to a larger matched sample of 274 web-based controls and found no difference in accuracy or reaction time. Individual analyses demonstrated that only one DP reached major impairment in object recognition on the NOMT, an impairment rate no different from that in either control group. Together, these results demonstrate essentially normal object recognition in DPs for a class of novel objects that serves as a powerful index for broader novel object recognition capacity. These results raise the possibility that DPs do not have object recognition deficits per se, but rather may have a decreased capacity to benefit from their experience with highly familiar object categories.

Positive Arousal Enhances the Consolidation of Item Memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Immediate Memory

Emotional arousal induced after learning has been shown to modulate memory consolidation. However, it is unclear whether the effect of postlearning arousal can extend to different aspects of memory. This study examined the effect of postlearning positive arousal on both item memory and source memory. Participants learned a list of neutral words and took an immediate memory test. Then they watched a positive or a neutral videoclip and took delayed memory tests after either 25 minutes or 1 week had elapsed after the learning phase. In both delay conditions, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of item memory as measured by overall recognition. Furthermore, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of familiarity but not recollection. However, positive arousal appeared to have no effect on consolidation of source memory. These findings have implications for building theoretical models of the effect of emotional arousal on consolidation of episodic memory and for applying postlearning emotional arousal as a technique of memory intervention.

Recognition Memory for Emotional and Neutral Faces: An Event-Related Potential Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1840-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Johansson ◽  
Axel Mecklinger ◽  
Anne-Cécile Treese
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Facial Affect ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Affect Recognition ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Criterion Setting

This study examined emotional influences on the hypothesized event-related potential (ERP) correlates of familiarity and recollection (Experiment 1) and the states of awareness (Experiment 2) accompanying recognition memory for faces differing in facial affect. Participants made gender judgments to positive, negative, and neutral faces at study and were in the test phase instructed to discriminate between studied and nonstudied faces. Whereas old–new discrimination was unaffected by facial expression, negative faces were recollected to a greater extent than both positive and neutral faces as reflected in the parietal ERP old–new effect and in the proportion of remember judgments. Moreover, emotion-specific modulations were observed in frontally recorded ERPs elicited by correctly rejected new faces that concurred with a more liberal response criterion for emotional as compared to neutral faces. Taken together, the results are consistent with the view that processes promoting recollection are facilitated for negative events and that emotion may affect recognition performance by influencing criterion setting mediated by the prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals POTENTIOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH NON-REMOVABLE ORTHOPEDIC STRUCTURES AND INTRAORAL HALITOSIS

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
O.A. Udod ◽  
A.O. Hlivynska
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Maladjustment ◽  
Dental Alloys ◽  
The Third ◽  
Unpleasant Odor ◽  
Bioelectric Potentials

Introduction. The most popular type of dentures is permanent orthopedic structures. However, their use is a serious intervention that changes biological balance in the oral cavity through galvanic, reflex and toxic allergic effects. Because of this, galvanic currents appear in the oral cavity, which have an adverse effect on the oral mucosa and the physicochemical parameters of the oral fluid. As a result of increasing bioelectric potentials in the oral cavity, oral microbiocenosis disorders may occur, the periodontium pathology develops or worsens and an unpleasant odor arises, which in aggregate can cause a social maladjustment of the patient. It is known that the main intraoral factor in the development of halitosis is the unsatisfactory hygienic condition of the oral cavity. Non-removable dentures made from non-noble dental alloys can also significantly affect the development of intraoral halitosis. Objective. To study potentiometric parameters in patients with intraoral halitosis who have fixed orthopedic constructions made of various materials by various technologies. Methods and Materials. 158 people aged 35-55 years with fixed orthopedic constructions in the oral cavity in the amount of 5-8 units with a service life of 2-3 years were examined. Four groups were formed: with stamped-brazed dentures, with cast-denture prostheses from dental alloys, with cast-in-place titanium structures and a control group without disrupting the integrity of the dentition. All patients underwent a sanation of the oral cavity, professional hygiene and anti-inflammatory treatment. In addition, hygienic training of patients with quality control of personal hygiene was conducted. In the course of the study, 35 patients from the first and second groups after the complex treatment were replaced by replacing the existing dentures with orthopedic structures made of titanium. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the dynamics of indices of hygiene, PMA, organoleptic assessment of halitosis and potentiometric parameters. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that patients with dentures, manufactured with the help of the stamped-brazed technology, were characterized by high indices of hygiene (1.29 ± 0.18 points) and PMA (66.79 ± 2.48%). The I degree of halitosis was observed in 27 patients (41.5%) of this group, II degree was observed in 35 people (53.8%) and III degree in 3 people (4.6%). In the second group, the hygiene index was 0.97 ± 0.12, the PMA index was 65.57 ± 2.18%. In 33 patients (67.4%) I degree of halitosis was detected, in 16 patients (32.6%) – II degree. In the third group, the hygiene index was 0.84 ± 0.12, the PMA index was 56.23 ± 1.22. Unpleasant odor in the majority of patients in this group (40 people or 90.9%) was determined when approaching a distance of 10 cm, which corresponded to I degree of halitosis. Only 4 patients (9.1%) had halitosis of II degree. In the control group, the KPI index was 12.13 ± 0.24, the level of hygiene was on average 0.81 ± 0.12 points and 55.56 ± 1.13%, respectively. There were no organoleptic signs of halitosis in this group.

scholarly journals Is Pupil Activity Associated With the Strength of Memory Signal for Words in a Continuous Recognition Memory Paradigm?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Oliveira ◽  
Marta Fernandes ◽  
Pedro J. Rosa ◽  
Pedro Gamito
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Study Test

Research on pupillometry provides an increasing evidence for associations between pupil activity and memory processing. The most consistent finding is related to an increase in pupil size for old items compared with novel items, suggesting that pupil activity is associated with the strength of memory signal. However, the time course of these changes is not completely known, specifically, when items are presented in a running recognition task maximizing interference by requiring the recognition of the most recent items from a sequence of old/new items. The sample comprised 42 healthy participants who performed a visual word recognition task under varying conditions of retention interval. Recognition responses were evaluated using behavioral variables for discrimination accuracy, reaction time, and confidence in recognition decisions. Pupil activity was recorded continuously during the entire experiment. The results suggest a decrease in recognition performance with increasing study-test retention interval. Pupil size decreased across retention intervals, while pupil old/new effects were found only for words recognized at the shortest retention interval. Pupillary responses consisted of a pronounced early pupil constriction at retrieval under longer study-test lags corresponding to weaker memory signals. However, the pupil size was also sensitive to the subjective feeling of familiarity as shown by pupil dilation to false alarms (new items judged as old). These results suggest that the pupil size is related not only to the strength of memory signal but also to subjective familiarity decisions in a continuous recognition memory paradigm.

scholarly journals The effect of repetition priming on implicit recognition memory as measured by Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation and EEG

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volkan Nurdal ◽  
Graeme Fairchild ◽  
George Stothart
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Repetition Condition ◽  
Memory Response

Introduction: The development of rapid and reliable neural measures of memory is an important goal of cognitive neuroscience research and clinical practice. Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation (FPVS) is a recently developed electroencephalography (EEG) method that involves presenting a mix of novel and previously-learnt stimuli at a fast rate. Recent work has shown that implicit recognition memory can be measured using FPVS, however the role of repetition priming remains unclear. Here, we attempted to separate out the effects of recognition memory and repetition priming by manipulating the degree of repetition of the stimuli to be remembered.Method: Twenty-two participants with a mean age of 20.8 (±4.3) yrs completed an FPVS-oddball paradigm with a varying number of repetitions of the oddball stimuli, ranging from repetition only (pure repetition) to no repetition (pure recognition). In addition to the EEG task, participants completed a behavioural recognition task and visual memory subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale – 4th edition (WMS-IV). Results: An oddball memory response was observed in all four experimental conditions (pure repetition to pure recognition) compared to the control condition (no oddball stimuli). The oddball memory response was largest in the pure repetition condition and smaller, but still significant, in conditions with less/no oddball repetition (e.g. pure recognition). Behavioural recognition performance was at ceiling, suggesting that all images were encoded successfully. There was no correlation with either behavioural memory performance or WMS-IV scores, suggesting the FPVS-oddball paradigm captures different memory processes than behavioural measures.Conclusion: Repetition priming significantly modulates the FPVS recognition memory response, however recognition is still detectable even in the total absence of repetition priming. The FPVS-oddball paradigm could potentially be developed into an objective and easy-to-administer memory assessment tool.

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