An Iranian (Farsi) Version of the Temperament and Character Inventory: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1218-1228
Author(s):  
Jörg Richter ◽  
Sven Brändström ◽  
Habib Emami ◽  
Mehdi Ghazinour
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Rotation Method ◽  
Iranian Version ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Personality Facets ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Farsi Version

The Temperament and Character Inventory is a widely used personality questionnaire. It was developed to measure the four temperament dimensions of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence, as well as three character dimensions, such as Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, described in Cloninger's unified biosocial theory of personality. In a sample of 300 Germans, 300 Swedes, and 316 Iranian subjects, a factorial structure analysis using the Procrustes rotation method showed the structure of personality to be generally equivalent across cultures. Noteworthy cultural differences between the overall Asian and European subjects reflected by the data were observed in various Temperament and Character dimensions. Seemingly, there are cultural differences in the expression of the various personality facets that require a replacement of many items in the Iranian version. The Temperament and Character Inventory is sensitive to age, sex, and cultural differences in personality.

Temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality profile in metamphetamine abusers: a controlled study

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Hosák ◽  
Marek Preiss ◽  
Martin Halíř ◽  
Eva Čermáková ◽  
Ladislav Csémy
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractWe applied the temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality questionnaire in 41 inpatients dependent on metamphetamine, and 35 controls. Novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-transcendence were significantly higher, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness were significantly lower in the patients than in the healthy volunteers. The detected differences may be important for prevention and treatment.

Distributions by Age and Sex of the Dimensions of Temperament and Character Inventory in a Cross-Cultural Perspective among Sweden, Germany, and the USA

2001 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Brändström ◽  
Jörg Richter ◽  
Tom Przybeck
Keyword(s):  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Biosocial Theory ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Age And Sex

Distribution by age and sex of the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory were assessed cross-culturally for samples in Sweden, Germany, and the USA. The Temperament and Character Inventory is a 240-item (Sweden, 238-item), self-administered, true-false format, paper-and-pencil test developed by Cloninger and his coworkers based on his unified biosocial theory of personality. The inventory measures the Temperament dimensions Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence as well as the Character dimensions, Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence. The samples consisted of 300 German subjects, 300 Swedish subjects, and 300 U.S. subjects matched by age cohort and sex. Stability of the personality dimensions was evaluated across samples as were their age and sex distributions. We found significant effects of age, sex, and culture in univeriate and multivariate comparisons on the personality dimensions. However, several significant differences in the personality dimensions for both European samples appear to be similar compared with those of the U.S. sample. We have to conclude that sex- and age-specific norms for the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory are necessary given the established significant differences.

scholarly journals Comparison of Psychological and Cognitive Characteristics between Professional Internet Game Players and Professional Baseball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4797
Author(s):  
Jin Oh Kang ◽  
Kyoung Doo Kang ◽  
Jea Woog Lee ◽  
Jae Jun Nam ◽  
Doug Hyun Han
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Cognitive Characteristics ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

The esports industry is increasing in popularity and is now played at the professional level. We hypothesized that esports players may have a significant advantage over the general population in terms of psychological and cognitive characteristics, which may be similar to that of professional baseball players. We recruited three participant groups: esports players (n = 55), pro-baseball players (n = 57), and age- and sex-matched healthy comparison subjects (n = 60). We assessed psychological status using the Korean versions of Temperament and Character Inventory and State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and cognitive functions using the modified Tower of London, Emotional Perception, and Mental Rotation tests. Esports players had similar psychological characteristics to pro-baseball players (higher novelty seeking [p < 0.01 *, ŋ = 0.818], self-directedness [p < 0.01 *, ŋ = 0.757], and self-transcendence scores [p < 0.01 *, ŋ = 0.853], and decreased state anxiety scores [p < 0.01 *, ŋ = 0.808]), which differed from those of the general population. However, esports players showed higher working memory [p < 0.01 *, ŋ = 0.823] and slower emotional perception than pro-baseball players [p < 0.01 *, ŋ = 0.812]. In conclusion, esports and pro-baseball players had similar psychological but different cognitive characteristics.

Belgian Normative Data of the Temperament and Character Inventory* * The original data upon which this paper is based are available at www.hhpub.com/journals/ejpa

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Hansenne ◽  
Olivier Le Bon ◽  
Anne Gauthier ◽  
Marc Ansseau
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Original Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Self Transcendence

Summary: The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a 226-item self-questionnaire developed to assess the seven dimensions of personality described by Cloninger and his colleagues. Normative data from 322 representative French-speaking subjects from Belgium are presented and the psychometric properties are discussed. Mean scores of temperament dimensions were appreciably different from those published by Cloninger . In our sample, novelty seeking and self-transcendence scores were lower and harm avoidance scores were higher compared to US norms. The other dimensions were almost identical. The factorial analysis showed that the hypothesized factor structure of temperament and character dimensions was almost confirmed. The present study also confirmed that the TCI scales were weakly related among themselves. The relationships were consistent with those reported by previous reports. Gender differences were also found for different dimensions.

Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in adolescents with anorexia nervosa

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Rybakowski ◽  
Agnieszka Slopien ◽  
Marzena Zakrzewska ◽  
Elzbieta Hornowska ◽  
Andrzej Rajewski
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Adolescent Patients ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
And Control

Background:Female patients with anorexia nervosa differ significantly from the control women in various dimensions of personality.Objective:To investigate the personality dimensions measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in adolescent patients with restrictive-type and bulimic/purging-type anorexia nervosa (ANR and ANB, respectively), and contrast them with the results of control females.Methods:Sixty-one patients with anorexia nervosa (36 ANR and 25 ANB) and 60 controls were tested with the TCI. A concomitant assessment of depression, body mass index and age was made to evaluate the possible correlation with personality dimensions.Results:Adolescent ANR patients scored higher in persistence, harm avoidance and cooperativeness, and lower in novelty seeking and self-transcendence than control women. ANB patients scored in the middle between ANR and control females, but differences did not reach the significance level with either group, except for the self-transcendence dimension where they scored significantly higher than those with ANR.Conclusions:The deviations in temperamental profile of adolescent ANR are similar to those reported in adult patients. The ANB adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa show less prominent deviations from the personality of control women. With regard to the character dimension of cooperativeness, adolescents with ANR scored higher than controls, in contrast to the observations in adult patients. This may reflect the effect of illness on the development of character.

scholarly journals Association between neurological soft signs, temperament and character in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychotic relatives

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Galindo ◽  
Francisco Pastoriza ◽  
Daniel Bergé ◽  
Anna Mané ◽  
Marisol Picado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Neurological Soft Signs ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Self Transcendence

The heritability of schizophrenia and most personality traits has been well established, but the role of personality in susceptibility to schizophrenia remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to test for an association between personality traits and Neurological Soft Signs (NSS), a well-known biological marker of schizophrenia, in non-psychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. For this purpose, we evaluated the NSS scale and personality measured by the Temperament and Character inventory (TCI-R) in three groups of subjects: 29 patients with schizophrenia, 24 unaffected relatives and 37 controls. The results showed that patients with schizophrenia were more asocial (higher harm avoidance and lower reward dependence), more perseverative (higher persistence), and more schizotypal (lower self-directedness and cooperativeness, higher self-transcendence). The unaffected relatives showed higher harm avoidance, lower self-directedness and cooperativeness than the healthy controls. Higher NSS scores and sub-scores were found in patients and non-psychotic relatives compared with the controls. Among all the patients, total NSS scores were positively correlated with harm avoidance but negatively correlated with novelty seeking and persistence. Total NSS were also correlated with low scores on self-directedness and cooperativeness, which are indicators of personality disorder. Our results show that susceptibility to NSS and to schizophrenia are both related to individual differences in the temperament and character features in non-psychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. High harm avoidance, low persistence, low self-directedness and low cooperativeness contribute to both the risk of NSS and schizophrenia. These findings highlight the value of using both assessments to study high risk populations.

scholarly journals The development of temperament and character during adolescence: The processes and phases of change

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 601-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada H. Zohar ◽  
Igor Zwir ◽  
Jiayu Wang ◽  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Andrey P. Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractWe studied the pattern of personality development in a longitudinal population-based sample of 752 American adolescents. Personality was assessed reliably with the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory at 12, 14, and 16 years of age. The rank-order stability of Junior Temperament and Character Inventory traits from age 12 to 16 was moderate (r = .35). Hierarchical linear modeling of between-group variance due to gender and within-group variance due to age indicated that harm avoidance and persistence decreased whereas self-directedness and cooperativeness increased from age 12 to 16. Novelty seeking, reward dependence, and self-transcendence increased from age 12 to 14 and then decreased. This biphasic pattern suggests that prior to age 14 teens became more emancipated from adult authorities while identifying more with the emergent norms of their peers, and after age 14 their created identity was internalized. Girls were more self-directed and cooperative than boys and maintained this advantage from age 12 to 16. Dependability of temperament at age 16 was mainly predicted by the same traits at earlier ages. In contrast, maturity of character at age 16 was predicted by both temperament and character at earlier ages. We conclude that character develops rapidly in adolescence to self-regulate temperament in accord with personally valued goals shaped by peers.

Relationship between two dimensional models of personality

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (S2) ◽  
pp. S120-S121 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Calvet ◽  
M. Bricaud ◽  
H. Merveille ◽  
J. Dur ◽  
J.P. Clément
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

Relationships between the seven dimensions of the Cloninger's psychobiological model (1993) and the five factors of the Costa and McCrae's model (1990) were examined in this study of 200 subjects from French general population. The dimensions of temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence) and character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence) from the Cloninger's model were measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory-125 items (TCI-125) and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness) was evaluated using the NEOPersonality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R). Correlation and multiple regression analyses have highlighted that all the temperamental and character dimensions predict all Neo-PI-R domains and vice versa. There are particularly close relationships between harm avoidance, self-directedness, neuroticism and extraversion; between novelty seeking and extraversion, openness, conscientiousness; between reward dependence, cooperativeness, extraversion, openness and agreeableness; between persistence and conscientiousness; and finally between self-transcendence and agreeableness. As a result, due to their relationship with temperamental dimensions of psychobiological model, the FFM domains could be related to brain monoaminergic activities.

scholarly journals Maturity and change in personality: Developmental trends of temperament and character in adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Josefsson ◽  
Markus Jokela ◽  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Mirka Hintsanen ◽  
Johanna Salo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Developmental Trends ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractWe studied the developmental trends of temperament and character in a longitudinal population-based sample of Finnish men and women aged 20–45 years using the Temperament and Character Inventory model of personality. Personality was assessed in 1997, 2001, and 2007 (n= 2,104, 2,095, and 2,056, respectively). Mean-level changes demonstrated qualitatively distinct developmental patterns for character (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) and temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence). Character developed toward greater maturity, although self-transcendence decreased with age. However, self-transcendence was the strongest predictor of overall personality change. Cohort effects indicated lower level of self-transcendence and higher level of self-directedness and cooperativeness in younger birth cohorts. Regarding temperament, novelty seeking decreased and persistence increased slightly with age. Both high novelty seeking and high persistence predicted overall personality change. These findings suggest that temperament and character traits follow different kinds of developmental trajectories.

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