Recall following Non-Optimal Tension during Learning

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-440
Author(s):  
Richard N. Berry
Keyword(s):  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Muscular Tension ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Word Lists

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects on retention of introducing non-optimal muscular tension in the legs during the course of learning 40 words. The tension was introduced during the recitation of the second 10 words. There was a tension group and a no-tension group, each with 30 Ss, in which there was no inter-trial “rest.” There were two corresponding groups in which there was a 1-min. interval between word lists. Analysis of the immediate recall data supports the conclusion that non-optimal tension during learning is directly related to recall scores. This suggests a general hypothesis that tension during learning may bring about poorer recall scores but will not improve recall.

Developmental Sensitivity to Temporal Grouping Effects in Short-term Memory

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Towse ◽  
Graham J. Hitch ◽  
Steven Skeates
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Developmental Shift ◽  
Temporal Grouping ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
Children's Memory

Four experiments investigate developmental changes in the effect of providing time-based cues to lists for immediate recall. Data both provide a context for adult research and have implications for children’s memory processes. Sets of letters (Experiments 1-3) or numbers (Experiment 4) were presented to children with either regular inter-item temporal intervals (ungrouped lists) or pauses to segment sets (grouped lists). Experiment 1 indicated a developmental shift between 4 and 8 years of age, with an increasing recall bene”t from temporal group structure for visually presented ”xed-length lists. Experiment 2 confirmed the developmental shift with visual presentation using a span procedure, with sensitivity to temporal grouping becoming apparent by the age of 8 years. Experiments 3 and 4 revealed a similar developmental pattern with a span procedure using auditory stimuli. In summary, children capitalise on pauses in visual and auditory material at approximately the same age. There was no evidence that auditory presentation induces a fundamentally different grouping process or precocious strategy use, contrary to some previous accounts. Data are most consistent with the argument that grouping is a relatively late-developing, strategic process.

Time of Day and Processing Strategy in Free Recall

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Folkard ◽  
Timothy H. Monk
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Articulatory Suppression ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Processing Strategy ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Sequence Performance ◽  
Attentional Selectivity

Consistent effects of time of day have been observed in digit span/sequence performance, and in the immediate memory for information presented in prose. However, studies using syntactically unstructured word lists have yielded inconsistent results. Three experiments were conducted that examined the free recall of 15 word lists. In all three, immediate recall from the pre-recency positions was found to be superior in the morning to the afternoon. This superiority disappeared after a 20-min delay (Experiment 1) and under articulatory suppression (Experiment III), but was unaffected by a manipulation that equated recall order (Experiment II). Immediate recall from the recency positions showed a W-shaped trend over the day (Experiment I) that might account for the inconsistencies previously reported. It is suggested that the changes in recall from the pre-recency positions may reflect a decrease in maintenance, and increase in elaboration, over the day. Such a change in processing strategy could itself reflect an increase in attentional selectivity associated with the changes in basal arousal level commonly held to occur over the day.

scholarly journals Feature-specific reaction times reveal a semanticisation of memories over time and with repeated remembering

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lifanov ◽  
Juan Linde-Domingo ◽  
Maria Wimber
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Specific Reaction ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Perceptual Detail ◽  
Semantic Transformation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Qualitative Changes

AbstractMemories are thought to undergo an episodic-to-semantic transformation in the course of their consolidation. We here test if repeated recall induces a similar semanticisation, and if the resulting qualitative changes in memories can be measured using simple feature-specific reaction time probes. Participants studied associations between verbs and object images, and then repeatedly recalled the objects when cued with the verb, immediately and after a two-day delay. Reaction times during immediate recall demonstrate that conceptual features are accessed faster than perceptual features. Consistent with a semanticisation process, this perceptual-conceptual gap significantly increases across the delay. A significantly smaller perceptual-conceptual gap is found in the delayed recall data of a control group who repeatedly studied the verb-object pairings on the first day, instead of actively recalling them. Our findings suggest that wake recall and offline consolidation interact to transform memories over time, strengthening meaningful semantic information over perceptual detail.

Some Effects of Sleep Loss on Memory

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1287-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Williams ◽  
Charles F. Gieseking ◽  
Ardie Lubin
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Picture Recognition ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Significant Deficit

Immediate recall of word lists showed significant impairment after one night of sleep loss. Since S was required to write down each word immediately after its presentation, the deficit was not due to failure of sensory registration. With 24-hr. delayed testing, a picture-recognition test did not show significant deficit after one night of sleep loss. Performance on this test was impaired, however, after a night of recovery sleep. These results imply that moderate sleep loss causes deficit in formation of the memory trace rather than in storage or retrieval functions and that this effect is probably independent of the physiological lapses (brief periods of sleep) which affect vigilance and sensory registration.

Coding Processes in the Free Recall of Associated Word Lists

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Matthews ◽  
A. J. G. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Category Membership ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Single Category

An experiment is reported on the free recall of lists of 18 words. The lists consisted of words that were strongly or weakly associated to the eliciting stimulus, were members of either a single category or more than one category and were arranged into sets of three associated words or six associated words. Each list was presented once only and free recall required after a filled interval of 18 s. One half of the subjects were provided with cues at recall: the remainder were given no assistance. Recall efficiency increased with association level and with restricted category membership of the words in a set. Clustering at recall (when adjusted for opportunity) was greater in the 6×3 lists than in the 3×6 lists. The provision of cues only led to a significant facilitation in recall with lists consisting of 6 sets of 3 words. A detailed analysis of the recall data suggested the importance of the category membership variable in the production of the later recall.

scholarly journals Feature-specific reaction times reveal a semanticisation of memories over time and with repeated remembering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lifanov ◽  
Juan Linde-Domingo ◽  
Maria Wimber
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Specific Reaction ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Perceptual Detail ◽  
Semantic Transformation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Qualitative Changes

AbstractMemories are thought to undergo an episodic-to-semantic transformation in the course of their consolidation. We here tested if repeated recall induces a similar semanticization, and if the resulting qualitative changes in memories can be measured using simple feature-specific reaction time probes. Participants studied associations between verbs and object images, and then repeatedly recalled the objects when cued with the verb, immediately and after a two-day delay. Reaction times during immediate recall demonstrated that conceptual features were accessed faster than perceptual features. Consistent with a semanticization process, this perceptual-conceptual gap significantly increased across the delay. A significantly smaller perceptual-conceptual gap was found in the delayed recall data of a control group who repeatedly studied the verb-object pairings on the first day, instead of actively recalling them. Our findings suggest that wake recall and offline consolidation interact to transform memories over time, strengthening meaningful semantic information over perceptual detail.

Clustering in Recall as a Function of Associative Overlap

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Houston ◽  
Bertram E. Garskof
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Association Strength ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Highly Correlated

100 Ss were read a list of words which, while possessing minimal inter-item word association strength, varied in terms of the degree of inter-item associative overlap. An examination of immediate recall data revealed that clustering in recall was highly correlated with degree of associative overlap when word association strength was minimal.

Speeded Probed Recall Is Affected by Grouping

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Sergio Morra ◽  
Valentina Epidendio
Keyword(s):  
Serial Order ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Order Representation ◽  
Interstimulus Intervals ◽  
Gradient Models

Abstract. Most of the evidence from previous studies on speeded probed recall supported primacy-gradient models of serial order representation. Two experiments investigated the effect of grouping on speeded probed recall. Six-word lists, followed by a number between 1 and 6, were presented for speeded recall of the word in the position indicated by the number. Grouping was manipulated through interstimulus intervals. In both experiments, a significant Position × Grouping interaction was found in RT. It is concluded that the results are not consistent with models of order representation only based on a primacy gradient. Possible alternative representations of serial order are also discussed; a case is made for a holistic order representation.

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