scholarly journals Feature-specific reaction times reveal a semanticisation of memories over time and with repeated remembering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lifanov ◽  
Juan Linde-Domingo ◽  
Maria Wimber
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Specific Reaction ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Perceptual Detail ◽  
Semantic Transformation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Qualitative Changes

AbstractMemories are thought to undergo an episodic-to-semantic transformation in the course of their consolidation. We here tested if repeated recall induces a similar semanticization, and if the resulting qualitative changes in memories can be measured using simple feature-specific reaction time probes. Participants studied associations between verbs and object images, and then repeatedly recalled the objects when cued with the verb, immediately and after a two-day delay. Reaction times during immediate recall demonstrated that conceptual features were accessed faster than perceptual features. Consistent with a semanticization process, this perceptual-conceptual gap significantly increased across the delay. A significantly smaller perceptual-conceptual gap was found in the delayed recall data of a control group who repeatedly studied the verb-object pairings on the first day, instead of actively recalling them. Our findings suggest that wake recall and offline consolidation interact to transform memories over time, strengthening meaningful semantic information over perceptual detail.

scholarly journals Feature-specific reaction times reveal a semanticisation of memories over time and with repeated remembering

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lifanov ◽  
Juan Linde-Domingo ◽  
Maria Wimber
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Specific Reaction ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Perceptual Detail ◽  
Semantic Transformation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Qualitative Changes

AbstractMemories are thought to undergo an episodic-to-semantic transformation in the course of their consolidation. We here test if repeated recall induces a similar semanticisation, and if the resulting qualitative changes in memories can be measured using simple feature-specific reaction time probes. Participants studied associations between verbs and object images, and then repeatedly recalled the objects when cued with the verb, immediately and after a two-day delay. Reaction times during immediate recall demonstrate that conceptual features are accessed faster than perceptual features. Consistent with a semanticisation process, this perceptual-conceptual gap significantly increases across the delay. A significantly smaller perceptual-conceptual gap is found in the delayed recall data of a control group who repeatedly studied the verb-object pairings on the first day, instead of actively recalling them. Our findings suggest that wake recall and offline consolidation interact to transform memories over time, strengthening meaningful semantic information over perceptual detail.

scholarly journals Women have Farther to Fall: Gender Differences Between Normal Elderly and Alzheimer's Disease in Verbal Memory Engender Better Detection of Alzheimer's Disease in Women

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Chapman ◽  
Mark Mapstone ◽  
Margaret N. Gardner ◽  
Tiffany C. Sandoval ◽  
John W. McCrary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large Drop ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Logical Memory ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Immediate Recall

AbstractWe analyzed verbal episodic memory learning and recall using the Logical Memory (LM) subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III to determine how gender differences in AD compare to those seen in normal elderly and whether or not these differences impact assessment of AD. We administered the LM to both an AD and a Control group, each comprised of 21 men and 21 women, and found a large drop in performance from normal elders to AD. Of interest was a gender interaction whereby the women's scores dropped 1.6 times more than the men's did. Control women on average outperformed Control men on every aspect of the test, including immediate recall, delayed recall, and learning. Conversely, AD women tended to perform worse than AD men. Additionally, the LM achieved perfect diagnostic accuracy in discriminant analysis of AD versus Control women, a statistically significantly higher result than for men. The results indicate the LM is a more powerful and reliable tool in detecting AD in women than in men. (JINS, 2011, 17, 654–662)

Sentence Recall as Affected by Task Instructions and Delay

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
Susan E. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Depth Of Processing ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Task Control ◽  
Sentence Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Better Than

The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of orienting tasks on sentence recall. Three task conditions were included, a phonemic-task, a semantic-task, and a “no-orienting-task” control group. Both immediate and delayed recall were tested. As predicted, subjects in the semantic condition performed significantly better than those given phonemic instructions. On immediate recall, the performance of control subjects was similar to that of semantic subjects but superior to phonemic subjects. When the retention test was delayed, the difference between control and phonemic groups was nonsignificant. The results are not consistent with the depth-of-processing model.

scholarly journals Visuospatial Functioning in the Primary Progressive Aphasias

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa L. Watson ◽  
Katherine Possin ◽  
I. Elaine Allen ◽  
H. Isabel Hubbard ◽  
Marita Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Primary Progressive ◽  
Visuospatial Cognition ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Visuospatial Tasks ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to identify whether the three main primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants would show differential profiles on measures of visuospatial cognition. We hypothesized that the logopenic variant would have the most difficulty across tasks requiring visuospatial and visual memory abilities. Methods: PPA patients (n=156), diagnosed using current criteria, and controls were tested on a battery of tests tapping different aspects of visuospatial cognition. We compared the groups on an overall visuospatial factor; construction, immediate recall, delayed recall, and executive functioning composites; and on individual tests. Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons were made, adjusted for disease severity, age, and education. Results: The logopenic variant had significantly lower scores on the visuospatial factor and the most impaired scores on all composites. The nonfluent variant had significant difficulty on all visuospatial composites except the delayed recall, which differentiated them from the logopenic variant. In contrast, the semantic variants performed poorly only on delayed recall of visual information. The logopenic and nonfluent variants showed decline in figure copying performance over time, whereas in the semantic variant, this skill was remarkably preserved. Conclusions: This extensive examination of performance on visuospatial tasks in the PPA variants solidifies some previous findings, for example, delayed recall of visual stimuli adds value in differential diagnosis between logopenic variant PPA and nonfluent variant PPA variants, and illuminates the possibility of common mechanisms that underlie both linguistic and non-linguistic deficits in the variants. Furthermore, this is the first study that has investigated visuospatial functioning over time in the PPA variants. (JINS, 2018, 24, 259–268)

High-Ecological Cognitive Intervention to Improve Cognitive Skills and Cognitive–Functional Performance for Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Hui Chang ◽  
Po-Yen Chen ◽  
Jye Wang ◽  
Bin-Huei Shih ◽  
Yu-Hsuan Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Weekly Group

Importance: Evidence of the effectiveness of cognitive activity and preparatory tasks in improving the cognitive skills and functional performance of people with cognitive decline is limited. Objective: To examine the efficacy of a high-ecological cognitive intervention. Design: Quasi-experimental, pretest–posttest design with nonequivalent control. Setting: Community. Participants: Older adults with mild cognitive impairment from two senior centers. Intervention: Twelve 90-min weekly group sessions of a high-ecological cognitive intervention using simulated everyday cognitive tasks (experimental group) and of nutrition education (active control group). Outcomes and Measures: Cognitive skills were measured with the Color Trails Test (CTT), the Contextual Memory Test (CMT; Immediate Recall [CMT–Im] and Delayed Recall [CMT–De] tasks), and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition Digit Span subtest (Digits Forward and Digits Backward). Cognitive–functional performance was measured with the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test–Third Edition (RBMT–3; Immediate Recall [RBMT–3–Im] and Delayed Recall [RBMT–3–De] tasks) and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Results: Thirty-seven participants (M age = 70.84 yr; 70.3% women) met the inclusion criteria for analysis (20 participants in the intervention group, 17 participants in the control group). Multivariate linear regression showed that the intervention group improved significantly more than the control group on the CTT, CMT–Im, and RBMT–3–Im but not on the CMT–De, RBMT–3–De, and CFQ. Conclusions and Relevance: Twelve 90-min weekly group sessions of a high-ecological cognitive intervention improved attention, executive function, immediate memory, and objective cognitive–functional performance with immediate-memory task demands. What This Article Adds: Carefully designed and structured simulated everyday cognitive tasks can be used as a cognitive training agent to improve both cognitive skills and objective cognitive–functional performance. The effectiveness of group-based cognitive interventions depends on the skills of occupational therapy practitioners in activity analysis and grading.

Effects of Knowledge of Semantic Roles on Recall of Written Prose

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

Readers in an experimental treatment group were taught semantic roles, such as Agent, Object, and Instrument. Delayed recall of prose which was read after learning semantic roles was significantly better than delayed recall by a control group. Immediate recall was not significantly affected. The influence of semantic roles on delayed recall apparently occurred at the time of reading the prose rather than during recall; when the semantic roles were learned after the prose reading and before recall, then the recall of the experimental and control groups did not differ. The results were not related to the attitudes of the two groups toward the respective treatments.

Effect of Mnemonic Encoding Techniques on Immediate and Delayed Serial Learning

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn A. Borges ◽  
Rodney C. Arnold ◽  
Virginia L. McClure
Keyword(s):  
Serial Learning ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Presentation ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Mnemonic Strategy ◽  
Mnemonic Techniques

60 undergraduates participated in a serial learning task comparing three instructional strategies: the story and pegword mnemonic techniques (which both stress order relationships between test items) and an uninstructed control group using subject-determined, idiosyncratic study and rehearsal methods. All subjects learned four 10-item lists followed by an immediate recall after each list presentation and a delayed recall after completion of all four lists. Results showed no significant differences between the three strategies on immediate recall. However, by the delayed retention test, recall by the story-technique group had decreased 12%, recall by the control group had decreased 28%, but recall by the pegword group had decreased 52%. Differences in retention were related to the underlying organizational structures of the mnemonic techniques. Thus, this study showed the story technique to be the most effective mnemonic strategy when retention of ordered items is desired.

Measuring The Mnemonic Advantage of Counter-intuitive and Counter-schematic Concepts

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Johnson ◽  
Paul Bishop ◽  
Steve Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Cultural Texts ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe debate on the value of Boyer's (1994) minimally counter-intuitive (MCI) theory continues to generate considerable theoretical and empirical attention. Although the theory offers an explanation as to why certain cultural texts and narratives are particularly well conveyed and transmitted, amidst society and over time, conflicting evidence remains for any mnemonic advantage of minimally counter-intuitive concepts. In an effort to reconcile these conflicting results, Barrett (2008) has made a comprehensive attempt in presenting a formal system for quantifying counter – intuitiveness including a distinction between counter-intuitive and counter-schematic concepts. The present article uses this system to generate sentences containing different levels of counter-intuitiveness, and tests whether minimally counter-intuitive items show a mnemonic advantage over concepts which are more counter-intuitive or counter-schematic. Results indicate that MCI concepts hold a mnemonic advantage over counter-schematic and maximally counter-intuitive concepts but only for one-week delayed recall. Interference effects may have masked immediate recall effects. Yes-no recognition after one week delay showed almost 100% accuracy suggesting that availability of retrieval cues is the factor which determines the mnemonic advantage of MCI concepts.

scholarly journals Association Between Myasthenia Gravis and Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Zhou ◽  
Yifei Zhou ◽  
Jianian Hua ◽  
Qun Xue
Keyword(s):  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Healthy Control

Objective: The studies have produced contradictory results regarding the association between myasthenia gravis (MG) and cognitive function, especially for the cognitive domains of memory. This meta-analysis was dedicated to exploring the association between MG and memory, which was represented by the immediate recall and delayed recall.Methods: Using the random effects models, this study analyzed memory in MG based on data from the studies retrieved from four electronic databases from inception to February 2021. Disease severity was graded according to the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) classification. We defined ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) (MGFA Grade I) as Class I, mild, and moderate generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG) (MGFA Grade IIa, IIb, IIIa, and IIIb) as Class II.Results: In total, eight studies of 274 patients and 211 healthy controls were included. The significant associations were found between MG and memory. Compared with the healthy control group, the patients with MG performed significantly worse in the terms of immediate recall [standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.65, 95% CI = −0.97 to −0.33, P < 0.001, I2 = 64.1%] and delayed recall (SMD = −0.49, 95% CI = −0.88 to −0.1, P < 0.05, I2 = 76.3%). Compared with the patients with Class I MG, those with Class II MG did not have significantly different scores in immediate recall (SMD = −0.07, 95% CI = −0.35 to 0.21, P = 0.614, I2 = 0%) and delayed recall (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI = −0.29 to 1.55, P = 0.178, I2 = 87.9%).Conclusion: The patients with MG showed lower memory performance, such as both immediate and delayed recall ability. There was no association between the severity of MG and memory. Future studies should address whether these associations are casual and modifiable.

scholarly journals Differentiating Functional Cognitive Disorder from Early Neurodegeneration: A Clinic-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
Harriet A. Ball ◽  
Marta Swirski ◽  
Margaret Newson ◽  
Elizabeth J. Coulthard ◽  
Catherine M. Pennington
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Cognitive Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Learning Test ◽  
Validity Tests

Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) is a relatively common cause of cognitive symptoms, characterised by inconsistency between symptoms and observed or self-reported cognitive functioning. We aimed to improve the clinical characterisation of FCD, in particular its differentiation from early neurodegeneration. Two patient cohorts were recruited from a UK-based tertiary cognitive clinic, diagnosed following clinical assessment, investigation and expert multidisciplinary team review: FCD, (n = 21), and neurodegenerative Mild Cognitive Impairment (nMCI, n = 17). We separately recruited a healthy control group (n = 25). All participants completed an assessment battery including: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B); Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2RF). In comparison to healthy controls, the FCD and nMCI groups were equally impaired on trail making, immediate recall, and recognition tasks; had equally elevated mood symptoms; showed similar aberration on a range of personality measures; and had similar difficulties on inbuilt performance validity tests. However, participants with FCD performed significantly better than nMCI on HVLT-R delayed free recall and retention (regression coefficient −10.34, p = 0.01). Mood, personality and certain cognitive abilities were similarly altered across nMCI and FCD groups. However, those with FCD displayed spared delayed recall and retention, in comparison to impaired immediate recall and recognition. This pattern, which is distinct from that seen in prodromal neurodegeneration, is a marker of internal inconsistency. Differentiating FCD from nMCI is challenging, and the identification of positive neuropsychometric features of FCD is an important contribution to this emerging area of cognitive neurology.

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