Effect of Extreme Likelihood Values upon Information Use

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Hoffeld ◽  
S. Carolyn Kent
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Decision Situation ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Extreme Probability ◽  
The Way

Using a static decision situation, 90 Ss were tested for frequency of information use as a function of the number of choice alternatives and the likelihood that the information was correct. Extreme values were used in both high and low probability categories. The following major conclusions were reached. When a simple, i.e., 2-choice situation is used, a significant number of Ss actively avoid a very low information probability, while with a more complex choice, i.e., 8 alternatives, Ss behave in a random manner. The use of extreme probability values for the information likelihood pushes behavior toward, but not all the way to, a statistically good solution, for both high and low probability values.

Effect of Incentive upon Information Use in a Choice Situation

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Hoffeld
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Monetary Incentive ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Random Choice ◽  
Decision Situation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Do So

Using a static decision situation, 120 Ss were run in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design in which the main variables were number of choice alternatives (2 or 8), likelihood that the information provided was correct (higher or lower than chance), and presence or absence of monetary incentive. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Ss in monetary incentive groups tend to behave in a manner more statistically advantageous in relation to use of information than Ss in non-incentive groups. (2) The more choice alternatives available, the more likely Ss are to use information. (3) Previous results were confirmed showing that, when faced with the option of making a random choice between equally likely alternatives and using available information, an S is inclined to use the information some of the time, even when it is statistically disadvantageous to do so, i.e., when S could do better by simple guessing behavior.

An Existentialist Epistemology of the Closet: Sexuality and Art in Raymond Queneau's Zazie dans le métro

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
Enda McCaffrey
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Artistic Creation ◽  
Verbal Utterance ◽  
The Way

This article explores how Sartean existentialism can be used to explain the sexual orientation of the main character Gabriel in Raymond Queneau's Zazie dans le métro. Drawing firstly on the novel's rich and broader philosophical roots, the article proceeds to engage with the philosophy of existentialism as a way of highlighting Gabriel's attempts to conquer himself, champion a morality of action and commitment over secular morality, and give meaning to his sexuality through concepts of choice, situation, authenticity and artistic creation. Gabriel's monologues take him out of the conversational currency of the récit's structure and into a philosophical mode of thinking. In these instances, Queneau's sub-codes and intertextual references to Sartrean existentialism gesture towards an existentialist breakthrough where Gabriel's existence is seen to coalesce with a discrete ‘coming out’ narrative that predates the politics of power, gender and identity construction of the 1970s and beyond. The situatedness and literariness of Gabriel's homosexuality is textual; this textuality is played out existentially in the way his homosexuality as verbal utterance/reality is continually deferred and connected critically to signifiers of Sartrean humanism, intersubjectivity and transcendence.

scholarly journals STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL EXTREME VALUES

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. SAMUELSSON
Keyword(s):  
Stream Flow ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Extreme Value Distribution ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Statistical Interpretation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Term Data

The application of Jenkinson's method to extremal distributions for low probability annual extremes of rainfall and stream flow is studied and discussed. A statistical method devised by Jenkinson has been examined and compared with other methods of fitting extreme value distributions to observed data. The Jenkinson method, being strictly objective, has the particular advantage of taking into account the extreme part of the extreme value distribution. The author shows, by applying the Jenkinson method to extreme values which significantly belong to several different kinds of frequency distributions, that this method could be applied as a standard one. Finally, the author indicates the possibility of using the Jenkinson method to extrapolate statistical characteristics from a series of statistically unstable short-term data.

Predictions of Extreme Values of Significant Wave Height

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Guedes Soares ◽  
R. G. Ferreira ◽  
Manuel G. Scotto
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Value Theory ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Threshold Method ◽  
Peak Over Threshold ◽  
Peak Over Threshold Method ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Quantile Estimates

This paper provides an overview of different methods of extrapolating environmental data to low probability levels based on the extreme value theory. It discusses the Annual Maxima method and the Peak Over Threshold method, using unified terminology and notation. Furthermore, it describes a method based on the r largest order statistics that has the advantage of providing more accurate parameters and quantile estimates than the Annual Maxima method. Several examples illustrate the methodology and reveal strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches.

Decision Time and Information Use in a Choice Situation

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Hoffeld ◽  
S. Carolyn Kent
Keyword(s):  
Information Use ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Choice Situation

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTION OF AN ISLAMIC INDEX USING THE MEDIAN CRITERION OF QUANTITATIVE FILTERS: APPLICATION TO THE AFRICAN STOCK EXCHANGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Average Criterion ◽  
The Way

Many techniques, combining qualitative and quantitative filters, have been proposed in the literature to construct an Islamic index on financial stock exchange. These are often based on fixed thresholds to define quantitative filters. However, as companies do not have the same characteristics from one sector to another, it is necessary to have heterogeneous thresholds for filtering purposes. Our contribution, here, is to propose a methodology which integrates this fact by using the median (statistic) criterion which is much more robust than the average criterion (vis-à-vis the presence of extreme values) but also the median statistic is consistent with the Wassatiya principle (50% of the way) than the 33% fraction used by many studies.

Influence of Geometrical Parameters on Simplified Models of the Slab-Beam Connection of Joist Structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 821 ◽  
pp. 563-570
Author(s):  
Mirosław Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Simplified Models ◽  
Separate Part ◽  
Shell Models ◽  
Computer Calculations ◽  
The Way

A great advantage of computer calculations is the opportunity to map the whole floor, including the supporting beams, columns and walls, in one model, with the members fully cooperating with one another. In this way the need for strenuous compiling of the loads on supporting members and independent searching for extreme values becomes eliminated. As a separate part of a floor, in this case a beam appears occasionally. The mapping of a beam in a model can have various forms. The paper presents a comparison of the influence of the way in which a rib is modelled on the results of statistical calculations. As a reference point for substitute shell models a solid spatial model was adopted.

“Information Use in a Choice Situation”: An Alternative Analysis

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 956-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Frankmann
Keyword(s):  
Information Use ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Series Of Experiments

An alternative analysis is presented for a series of experiments (Hoffeld, 1962, 1963; Hoffeld & Kent, 1963) on information use in a choice situation. This analysis provides a simplified description of the data and suggests further lines of investigation.

Plug-in estimation of d-dimensional density minimum volume set of a rare event in a complex system

2011 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345
Author(s):  
J Morio ◽  
R Pastel
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Minimum Volume ◽  
Safety Zone ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Set Estimation ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Gaussian Case ◽  
Extreme Probability

Various reliability or hedging problems boil down to quantile estimation. However, real-life systems are usually multidimensional and thus often imply multidimensional density minimum volume set estimation which is usually done with Monte Carlo simulations. Increasing safety standards create a need for density minimum volume set estimation with low probability that crude Monte Carlo cannot fulfil. This paper proposes a new importance sampling algorithm that estimates efficiently multidimensional density minimum volume sets for extreme probability. It also presents some numerical results on a simple bidimensional Gaussian case and on a realistic launcher impact safety zone estimation.

Self-sacrifice for in-group's history: A diachronic perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babińska ◽  
Michal Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe problem of extended fusion and identification can be approached from a diachronic perspective. Based on our own research, as well as findings from the fields of social, political, and clinical psychology, we argue that the way contemporary emotional events shape local fusion is similar to the way in which historical experiences shape extended fusion. We propose a reciprocal process in which historical events shape contemporary identities, whereas contemporary identities shape interpretations of past traumas.

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