Developmental Study of Causal Attributions and Judgments of Achievement by Japanese Children

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotsugu Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Evaluative Feedback

This article has two purposes, developmental changes of causal schemata are examined and developmental shifts in judgments of achievement are tested. The developmental changes of causal schemata are measured by two methods. (1) Extent of an effect is inferred from the facilitative causes and (2) the degrees of a facilitative cause are inferred from an effect and another facilitative cause. Developmental shifts of causal schemata ate noted among children in Grades 2, 4, and 6. Judgments of achievement are measured by asking subjects to provide “evaluative feedback” to an hypothetical school pupil's grade. The judgments of achievement are affected by the perceived expenditure of effort, independent of performance on the examination.

Developmental Study of Moral Judgments by Japanese Children

1991 ◽  
Vol 68 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1131-1136
Author(s):  
Hirotsugu Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Dual Scaling ◽  
Evaluative Feedback

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of causal attribution in the contexts of moral judgment and the developmental shifts of the determinants. Subjects were children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 ( ns = 83, 122, and 84). Moral judgments were measured by asking subjects to provide “evaluative feedback” to an hypothetical child's helping behavior. The method of dual scaling was applied to the frequency data of moral judgments. Two-dimensional solutions show that subjects judged whether the hypothetical child should be rewarded or punished and what amount of reward or punishment was given to the hypothetical child. Developmental shifts were found for moral judgment.

scholarly journals The Developmental Changes in Cube Copying Abilities of Japanese Children with Typical Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. p20
Author(s):  
Takashi Gotoh ◽  
Noriko Haruhara ◽  
Rina Ishii ◽  
Asako Mogami ◽  
Ayumi Matsunaga
Keyword(s):  
Necker Cube ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Copying Task

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the developmental changes in Necker cube copying and isometric perspective cube copying abilities of Japanese children of typical development.Methods and Results: [Study-1] A total of 40 individuals aged 5-18 years participated in Study-1. The Necker cube copying task was administered, and scores were assigned based on the method developed by Yorimitsu et al. (2013). The results showed that the scores increased significantly for children in the 8-9 years age group (p < 0.01).[Study-2] A total of 32 individuals aged 6-10 years participated in Study-2. The isometric perspective cube copying task was administered, and scores were assigned based on the method developed by Otomo (2009). The results showed that the scores increased significantly for children in the 7-8 years age group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Japanese children of typical development were able to perform the Necker cube copying task from approximately nine years of age. The same participants were able to perform the isometric perspective cube copying task from approximately eight years of age.

Development of Autonomic Nervous System Responsitivity in Children: A Review of the Literature

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Activity ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Psychophysiological Study

This paper reviews the literature on Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) responsiveness in children. Normative developmental changes in cardiovascular activity (heart rate and blood pressure), electrodermal activity, and the dynamic balance between branches of the ANS are summarized. Several issues which appear to have potential for further developmental study are identified. Problems and limitations in the psychophysiological study of children are also discussed.

scholarly journals Adults, but not preschoolers or toddlers integrate situational constraints in their action anticipations: a developmental study on the flexibility of anticipatory gaze

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Ganglmayer ◽  
Marleen Haupt ◽  
Kathrin Finke ◽  
Markus Paulus
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Situational Information ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Situational Constraints

AbstractRecent theories stress the role of situational information in understanding others’ behaviour. For example, the predictive coding framework assumes that people take contextual information into account when anticipating other’s actions. Likewise, the teleological stance theory assumes an early developing ability to consider situational constraints in action prediction. The current study investigates, over a wide age range, whether humans flexibly integrate situational constraints in their action anticipations. By means of an eye-tracking experiment, 2-year-olds, 5-year-olds, younger and older adults (together N = 181) observed an agent repeatedly taking one of two paths to reach a goal. Then, this path became blocked, and for test trials only the other path was passable. Results demonstrated that in test trials younger and older adults anticipated that the agent would take the continuous path, indicating that they took the situational constraints into account. In contrast, 2- and 5-year-olds anticipated that the agent would take the blocked path, indicating that they still relied on the agent’s previous observed behaviour and—contrary to claims by the teleological stance theory—did not take the situational constraints into account. The results highlight developmental changes in human’s ability to include situational constraints in their visual anticipations. Overall, the study contributes to theories on predictive coding and the development of action understanding.

Episodic temporal generalization: A developmental study

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. McCormack ◽  
J. H. Wearden ◽  
M. C. Smith ◽  
G. D.A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Standard Task ◽  
Temporal Generalization ◽  
Relative Scale ◽  
Fixed Standard ◽  
Scalar Variability

Groups of 5-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults completed either an episodic temporal generalization task, in which no stimuli were repeated, or a repeated standard temporal generalization task, in which there was a fixed standard that was repeated on every trial. Significant developmental improvements were found on both tasks. In both tasks, gradients of performance over two different stimulus ranges superimposed well when plotted on the same relative scale. Performance was similar for the adults and 10-year-olds across tasks, but the 5-year-olds performed better on the repeated standard task. These findings suggest that perceptual processes are a source of scalar variability in timing, and that there are developmental changes in levels of such variability.

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