scholarly journals Book Markets in Europe: Facing the Challenges of the Digital Single Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Jędrzej Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Book Market ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Book Markets

The aim of this article is to identify the challenges created by digitalization and the Digital Single Market for book markets in Europe. The research questions are, on the one hand, related to the nature of these challenges and the impact they have on European book markets, and on the other hand, the impact of the activities of EU institutions. This leads to the hypothesis that the digitization challenges that the book markets in Europe are facing are of a technological, economic, legal, political and judicial nature. Therefore, the key research method will be an analysis of these challenges and the (re)actions (under)taken by EU institutions. The book market in Europe is characterized by diversity and fragmentation in comparison with, for example, the American market, and is losing its share in the global book market with the development of book markets in emerging markets. Over the last decade, it shrank between 2008 and 2013 and started to rise again after 2014. In contrast to the European book market, the Polish book market is gradually decreasing. The e‑book market, which developed dynamically between 2009 and 2014 (often at the expense of paper books), reached the level of about 6–7% of the entire book market in Europe. To meet the challenges of the ongoing digitization, the European Union has started to implement the Digital Single Market Strategy, which also affects the European book market through the directives and regulations adopted as part of the Strategy. European copyright law, by introducing exceptions and limitations, implemented to varying degrees in individual member states, affects the business models of European publishers. In addition, the activities of authors and publishers is influenced by the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Therefore, EU institutions, through the directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market, are trying to create an appropriate legal framework for out‑of‑commerce works or confirm the right to fair compensation for publishers. A separate issue remains e‑lending, which is related to the possibility of borrowing e‑books. The development of the e‑book market was limited by different VAT rates of print and digital books, which was finally resolved by the European Parliament and the Council in 2017–2018. European institutions have an impact on the book market in Europe, where the European Commission has recently been trying to solve problems resulting from the interpretation of existing directives by the CJEU.

IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ON WORKERS’ INCOMES

2021 ◽  
Vol 562 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Władysław Bogdan Sztyber
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oecd Data

The article presents the impact of the level of education of employees on their income in various terms. One of them is a study based on the OECD data from 2004–2005, which shows the differentiation of incomes of employees with different levels of education on the basis of the relative differentiation between them, assuming the income level of employees with upper secondary education as 100 and referring to it respectively the income level of employees with higher education and the level of income of employees with lower secondary education. The article then presents a more elaborate study of the impact of the level of education of employees on their incomes in the European Union, included in the Report “The European Higher Education Area in 2015”. This survey shows the impact of the education level of employees on the median of their gross annual income in the European Union and in the individual Member States. The article also compares the income differentiation depending on the level of education, based on the OECD data for 2004–2005, with the results of surveys on European Union Member States in 2010 and 2013.

scholarly journals International legal experience in combating illegal migration by sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 284-287
Author(s):  
O.O. Kukshynova ◽  
A. O. Samoilenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Illegal Migrants ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Treaty Of Amsterdam

This article highlights the impact of international law on the global process of illegal migration, reveals a number of international problems related to international migration, in particular by sea, identifies the main factors influencing illegal migration in general, indicates the state of illegal migration in various European Union countries. attention is paid to such important international legal instruments as the Schengen Agreement of 1985 and 1990, the Dublin Convention of 1990, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997. The article also focuses on the European Union agency, which deals with the protection of external borders and their protection from illegal migrants, in particular, by sea.The analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of combating illegal migration by sea at the international level, as well as in the development of scientific and theoretical approaches to solving migration problems, characterizes the legal regulation of combating illegal migration by maritime transport and maritime participation established intergovernmental bodies. The main tools of the European Union to combat illegal migration by sea, which can be used to improve the legal regulation of migration authorities of other countries, as well as substantiate the organizational and legal framework of European countries in the field of legal support to combat illegal migration by sea.The actions of European states represented by the relevant state bodies in solving the problems of illegal migration with the help of merchant fleets of European countries are studied. The article pays attention to the influence of illegal migration on the formation and change of legal awareness of society, as the beginning of the formation of criminogenic factors among illegal migrants in the host country.

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence, Digital Single Market and the proposal of a right to fair and reasonable inferences: a legal issue between ethics and techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-91
Author(s):  
Alexandre Veronese ◽  
Alessandra Silveira ◽  
Amanda Nunes Lopes Espiñeira Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation

The article discusses the ethical and technical consequences of Artificial intelligence (hereinafter, A.I) applications and their usage of the European Union data protection legal framework to enable citizens to defend themselves against them. This goal is under the larger European Union Digital Single Market policy, which has concerns about how this subject correlates with personal data protection. The article has four sections. The first one introduces the main issue by describing the importance of AI applications in the contemporary world scenario. The second one describes some fundamental concepts about AI. The third section has an analysis of the ongoing policies for AI in the European Union and the Council of Europe proposal about ethics applicable to AI in the judicial systems. The fourth section is the conclusion, which debates the current legal mechanisms for citizens protection against fully automated decisions, based on European Union Law and in particular the General Data Protection Regulation. The conclusion will be that European Union Law is still under construction when it comes to providing effective protection to its citizens against automated inferences that are unfair or unreasonable.

The new European crowdfunding regulation: facilitating cross-border services

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Brand
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
The Impact

Purpose To explain the new Crowdfunding Regulation to market participants and to describe the impact of the Crowdfunding Regulation on current crowdfunding business models in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach This article provides an overview of the new Crowdfunding Regulation with a focus on the provisions concerning cross-border services (“European Passport”) and the new authorization requirements for crowdfunding service providers. Findings In particular the introduction of the European passport will open new funding sources for project owners. This together with the harmonized authorization requirements of crowdfunding service providers is expected to contribute to further growth of the crowdfunding market in the European Union. The Crowdfunding Regulation is a further step on the way to a Capital Markets Union in Europe and regulates crowdfunding for the first time on a European level. Practical implications The Crowdfunding Regulation does not cover all existing crowdfunding business models in Europe (e.g., consumer as project owners and qualified subordinated loans are exempted). Insofar, the rules of the Member States continue to apply with the consequence of a partial fragmentation of applicable regulations. Originality/value Expert guidance from experienced financial-services lawyer.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF CYBER THREATS ON THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF EU COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bozhenko ◽  
V. Koibichuk ◽  
M. Gabenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Exponential growth in the number of cyber frauds in the financial sector and their intellectualization leads to large-scale negative consequences of both financial (loss of funds by financial institutions and their customers, the bankruptcy of financial institutions, lack of tax revenues) and public (theft of personal data of consumers of financial services, reduction the level of business reputation of financial institutions, loss of public confidence in the security and reliability of financial transactions). The study used methods of systematization, comparison, structural analysis, logical generalization, bibliometric analysis (using VOSviewer 1.6.15) and methods of vertical, horizontal, financial, and trend analysis of the data set to assess the dynamics and trends of cybercrime in the financial system of the European Union. To determine the most relevant publications on this issue, the authors conducted a bibliometric analysis of scientific papers indexed by the Scopus database from 2015 to 2021. According to the study results, the expediency of separating 6 clusters by the results of scientific research, the authors of which are represented from 34 countries. The article analyzes the dynamics and trends of cybercrime in the financial sector of the European Union. Cybersecurity measures are summarized in terms of state security agencies, financial monitoring services, the Directorate General of Informatics. Cybersecurity features high on the list of the priorities of the European Commission: trust and security are at the core of the Digital Single Market Strategy, while the fight against cybercrime is one of the three pillars of the European Agenda on Security. The authors of the article emphasize that the development of digital technologies leads to an increase in the scale of cyber threats, which require prompt and timely detection, assessment, and development of appropriate measures to prevent them or minimize the possible consequences. The practical value of the study lies in the use of state regulation, supervision, and control in the development of a system of counteraction to information risks that threaten the public interest.

Legal aspects of airport slot allocation: a challenge for the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Michał Lutek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Slot Allocation ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Contemporary Reality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Air Carriers

With the increase in the number of operations performed at airports in European Union countries, the problem of allocation of airport slots is becoming more apparent. Legal regulations in this respect were adopted over two decades ago, which means that they are not suitable for the contemporary reality of commercial aviation, which has undergone a huge change during the indicated period. This article aims to analyze the current legal framework for the allocation of slots at the level of international law, with particular emphasis on the European Union law. The main reasons affecting the urgent need to amend the provisions in the presented scope will be discussed. These issues include, for example, the problem of slot trading between air carriers. Also, the impact of the EU response to COVID-19 epidemic on the air carrier’s situation in relation to slots will be outlined. Selected examples illustrating difficulties in applying EU rules will also be analyzed in detail. The summary will be followed by an indication of key de lege ferenda postulates in the discussed area.

The impact of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement on the legal framework for IP enforcement in the European Union

2013 ◽  
pp. 394-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto D’Erme ◽  
Christophe Geiger ◽  
Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan ◽  
Christian Heinze ◽  
Thomas Jaeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact

The Member States of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
State Relations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The Member States of the European Union combines a study of individual member states with an examination of the broader process of Europeanization. Examining both sides of this crucial relationship, this text provides a useful guide to EU member state relations. This third edition has been updated to summer 2019 and includes chapters on eight member states from different geographical regions and dates of accession. These are followed by seven thematic chapters on the Europeanization of structures, actors, and processes within the pre-Brexit EU 28. The Member States of the European Union helps understanding the influence of Member States in the EU but also the impact the EU has on the domestic institutions, politics, and policies of each member state.

Minority Protection in the European Union: To Protect or Not to Protect?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-115
Author(s):  
A. Aslı Bilgin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Lisbon Treaty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Minority Protection ◽  
The Impact

The foundation of European Integration is based on economic objectives from the beginning of the 1950s. The founding treaties did not include provisions regarding minority rights. Minority rights have been a foundational value since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, but there is no legislation related to minority rights or internal minority policy at the European Union (eu) level, because of the absence of competence given to eu institutions. This study analyses how issues relating to minority protection are handled vis-a-vis internal market objectives under eu law in the light of primary, secondary and eu case-law. While determining the legal framework on minority rights in the eu, not only the impact of the case-law of the cjeu on minority protection, but also the possibility of the cjeu’s power to establish an internal minority policy and the Member States’ approaches to an internal minority policy have been taken into consideration.

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