domestic institutions
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2021 ◽  
pp. 432-450
Author(s):  
Duane Swank

This chapter examines the theory and research on the historical and contemporary impacts of economic globalization on trajectories of national welfare states across the globe. It reviews the central contending theories that globalization’s social policy impacts are negative (the efficiency thesis) or positive (the compensation thesis). It also summarizes various contingency arguments such as the idea that globalization’s impacts are conditioned by national political economic institutions. As to extant research, it surveys comparative, quantitative studies on social impacts of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century ‘first wave’ of globalization and of contemporary internationalization of markets in developed and developing political economies. The central findings of work on developed democracies are that during the first wave of globalization, and in the three decades after the Second World War, globalization was associated with increases in social protection against risks and transfers to losers of international competition (the compensation thesis); for recent decades, scholars lean towards the view that globalization is associated with modest retrenchments in social welfare provision. Substantial evidence also exists for the notion that these effects are contingent on domestic institutions. For developing nations, many studies show that international openness has been associated with cuts in core social insurance and welfare programmes and with increases in (or no effect on) education and health programmes. Studies also suggest that globalization’s social impacts are contingent on temporal context and domestic institutions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of promising new areas of inquiry on globalization and national welfare states in the twenty-first century.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e1094
Author(s):  
Henrique Tateishi ◽  
Cassiano Bragagnolo

This study addressed the effectiveness of Kyoto Protocol (KP) as an international institution and the interplay of domestic institutions and KP by employing a difference-in-difference estimation. The results indicated low effectiveness, in general, but not ineffectiveness. Regarding the KP, not only its formal and defined rules but also the demonstration of the intention to cooperate was bound to influence emissions’ reduction. Domestic institutions were more influential than the effects of KP international institution. However, political, legal rights, and economic institutional qualities presented distinct effects over emissions’ mitigation.


2021 ◽  
pp. 002200272110355
Author(s):  
Patrick Gill-Tiney

How have understandings of fundamental norms of international society changed over time? How does this relate to the decline of interstate violence since 1945? Previous explanations have focused on regime type, domestic institutions, economic interdependence, relative power, and nuclear weapons, I argue that a crucial and underexplored part of the puzzle is the change in understanding of sovereignty over the same period. In this article, I propose a novel means of examining change in these norms between 1970 and 2014 by analyzing the content of UN Security Council resolutions. This analysis is then utilized in quantitative analysis of the level of violence dispute participants resorted to in all Militarized Interstate Disputes in the period. I find that as liberal understandings of fundamental norms have increased, that the average level of violence used has decreased. This points to a crucial missing component in the existing literature: that institutions can only constrain when political actors share the right norms.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Carrington ◽  
Claire Sigsworth

Although legitimacy is crucial for courts’ efficacy, the sources identified as legitimizing domestic institutions are weaker or absent altogether for international institutions. We use an original, preregistered, nationally representative survey experiment to show that perceived home-state interest strongly affects the legitimacy afforded by UK citizens to the International Criminal Court. Importantly, this relationship is moderated by nationalism. Our findings have implications for state actors in a position to act vis-á-vis international courts, elites seeking to alter opinions toward courts, and courts themselves weighing possible institutional costs of acting against noncompliant states.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Maria C. Escobar-Lemmon ◽  
Valerie J. Hoekstra ◽  
Alice J. Kang ◽  
Miki Caul Kittilson

Chapter 1 poses the central question of the book: Why has women’s representation advanced on high courts worldwide? After theorizing why women’s presence is essential for the judicial process, the chapter argues that monocausal explanations for women’s representation on high courts are insufficient. The appointment of judges involves multiple sources of influence. This chapter builds an analytic framework to explain the gains women have made on high courts by focusing on three sets of explanations: pipelines to high courts, domestic institutions including selection mechanisms, and international influences. The book’s global lens and combination of quantitative time-serial analyses and five country studies (Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa, the United States) allows for examining these influences across a variety of structures, institutions, and regional contexts. The chapter also lays out the plan of the book, with the first part highlighting the book’s cross-national quantitative comparisons, and the second part examining pathways and processes to investigate how and why women are appointed.


2021 ◽  
pp. 096853322110461
Author(s):  
Katharina Ó Cathaoir ◽  
Hrefna Dögg Gunnarsdóttir ◽  
Mette Hartlev

This article traces the journey of Nordic health data requested for developing a healthcare algorithm. We focus on the legal requirements and highlight that differences in the legislation of Denmark, Norway and Iceland, and the interpretation thereof by responsible bodies, can pose a barrier for scientific researchers. In addition, non-legal institutional requirements or practices may hamper data access. First, despite some European harmonization, the mandate of research ethics committees and the data protection authorities vary in the three countries. Second, domestic institutions impose tailored requirements, sometimes only allowing domestic or affiliated researchers to access data sets. Third, the manner in which a dataset is collected, catalogued and stored has implications for data access. We make several recommendations for increasing transparency in Nordic data access, such as, increasing knowledge sharing regarding interpretation of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) criteria, adopting clearer regulations and pursuing greater citizen engagement in secondary use of health data.


2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Laura Gómez-Mera ◽  
Gonzalo Varela

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jonas Nahm

The introduction describes the main puzzle to be explained in the book, briefly previews the argument, and then shows why the question it asks is both theoretically and empirically important. As wind and solar grew from cottage industries into $300 billion global sectors, China, Germany, and the United States each developed distinct constellations of firms with starkly different technical capabilities. The chapter argues that globalization itself has such reinforced distinct national patterns of industrial specialization. Economically, globalization has created opportunities for firms to specialize through collaboration with others. Politically, new possibilities for specialization have allowed firms to repurpose existing domestic institutions for application in new industries. Against the backdrop of policy efforts that have generally failed to grasp the cross-national nature of innovation, the chapter offers a novel explanation for both the causes of changes in the global organization of innovation and their impact on domestic politics.


Author(s):  
Е.А. Kartseva

A variety of strategies for incorporating contemporary art are found today in almost all world museums. Domestic institutions in recent years have also taken a course on contemporary art, which has become the occasion of numerous discussions. Not all are advocates of such integrations, suggesting that for contemporary art there are specialized institutions. However, with the changing role of the museum in the modern world, the acquisition of new functions, as well as the development of contemporary art practices, classical cultural institutions are less and less able to resist the expansion of contemporary art. The article formulates the advantages and risks of including contemporary art in a classical museum, and offers scenarios for a productive cultural dialogue.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marielle DeVos ◽  
Jill Berge

Economic modernization in Russia is heavily reliant on increased market competition and diversity within the Russian economy. However, modernization has been largely unsuccessful due to a misalignment between the goals of the Russian modernization agenda, including those in the PCA and P4M, and the state’s behavior both domestically and internationally. This study finds that domestic institutions within Russia continue to execute on a legislative agenda contradictory to their modernization agenda due to both state security priorities and the power imbalances within the government.


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