Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on vitellogenesis in the trypanorhynch cestode Parachristianella trygonis Dollfus, 1946 (Eutetrarhynchidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Świderski ◽  
Jordi Miquel ◽  
Lassad Neifar ◽  
John Mackiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Acid ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Carbohydrate Synthesis ◽  
Shell Globule ◽  
Differentiation Stage ◽  
Glycogen Particles

AbstractDuring vitellogenesis in Parachristianella trygonis Trypanorhyncha, Eutetrarhynchidae) we distinguished four stages: (1) gonial or stem cell stage; (2) early differentiation stage concentrated on protein synthetic activity and shell-globule formation; (3) advanced differentiation stage with main cell activity concentrated on carbohydrate synthesis (glycogenesis) and massive glycogen storage in the form of α-glycogen rosettes and β-glycogen particles; and finally (4) mature vitellocyte stage. Early vitellocyte maturation is characterised by: (1) an increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large, parallel cisternae of GER that produce proteinaceous granules; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in packaging this material; (4) continuous enlargement of proteinaceous granules within vacuoles and their transformation into shell-globule clusters composed of heterogeneous material. Cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate for polysaccharides indicated a strongly positive reaction for the presence of α-glycogen rosettes and β-glycogen particles in the advanced stage of vitellocyte maturation. Both protein synthesis for shell-globule formation and carbohydrate synthesis or glycogenesis, important storage of nutritive reserves for the developing embryos, observed during cytodifferentiation of P. trygonis vitellocytes overlap in time to some extent. Mature vitelline cells are very rich in three types of cell inclusions accumulated in large amounts in their cytoplasm: (1) shell-globule clusters, playing an important role in egg-shell formation; (2) numerous large lipid droplets, as well as a high accumulation of lipid and α-glycogen rosettes and β-glycogen particles that undoubtedly represent important nutritive reserves for the developing embryos. Despite the fact that the type of vitellogenesis and ultrastructure of the mature vitellocyte in P. trygonis appears to differ to some extent from those of three other trypanorhynch species, its general pattern and ultrastructure greatly resembles those observed in other lower cestodes. Factors that may have contributed to the qualitative and quantitative variation in lipids during vitellogenesis among the four species of Trypanorhyncha, are identified and discussed.

Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on vitellogenesis in trypanorhynch cestode Dollfusiella spinulifera Beveridge, Neifar et Euzet, 2004 (Eutetrarhynchidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Świderski ◽  
Jordi Miquel ◽  
Daniel Młocicki ◽  
Lassad Neifar ◽  
Barbara Grytner-Zięcina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Lipids ◽  
Egg Formation ◽  
Large Vesicle ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Shell Globule ◽  
Trypanorhynch Cestode ◽  
Flocculent Material ◽  
Glycogen Particles

AbstractThe first description of vitellogenesis in the Trypanorhyncha is presented in this paper. Though the type of vitellogenesis and mature vitellocyte in Dollfusiella spinulifera appear to be unique among the Eucestoda, to some extent they resemble that observed in the lower cestodes, namely the Tetraphyllidea and Pseudophyllidea. Maturation is characterized by: (1) an increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large, parallel, frequently concentric cisternae of GER that produce proteinaceous granules; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in packaging this material; (4) continuous enlargement of proteinaceous granules within vesicles and their transformation into shell globule clusters; and (5) progressive fusion of all vesicles, with flocculent material containing the proteinaceous granules and shell globule clusters, into a single very large vesicle that characterises mature vitellocytes of this tapeworm. Cell inclusions in and around the large vesicle consist of flocculent material of a very low density, a few shell globule clusters, moderately dense proteinaceous granules and numerous large droplets of unsaturated lipids. A new previously unreported mode of transformation of proteinaceous granules into shell globule clusters, that evidently differs from that of pseudophyllideans and tetraphyllideans, is described. Cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate for polysaccharides indicates a strongly positive reaction for membrane-bound glycoproteins in all membranous structures such as GER, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, nuclear and cell plasma membranes. Similar staining revealed β-glycogen particles scattered in the cytoplasm of maturing vitellocytes. Typical cytoplasmic β-glycogen particles appear mainly during early vitellocyte maturation but it is characteristic for this species that they are only seldom visible in mature cells. Some working hypotheses concerning the interrelationship between this particular pattern of vitellogensis, possible mode of egg formation in D. spinulifera, its embryonic development and trypanorhynchean life cycle, are drawn and discussed.

Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of vitellogenesis and the vitellocytes of the bothriocephalidean cestode Clestobothrium crassiceps (Rudolphi, 1819), a parasite of the teleost fish Merluccius merluccius (L., 1758) (Gadiformes, Merlucciidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Świderski ◽  
David Gibson ◽  
Adji Marigo ◽  
Eulàlia Delgado ◽  
Jordi Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Merluccius Merluccius ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Glycogen Particles ◽  
Mature Vitellocytes ◽  
Clestobothrium Crassiceps

AbstractVitellogenesis and vitellocytes of the bothriocephalidean cestode Clestobothrium crassiceps (Rudolphi, 1819), a parasite of the teleost fish Merluccius merluccius (L., 1758), were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cytochemistry. During vitellogenesis, four developmental stages were distinguished at the TEM level: (I) a stem cell stage of the gonial type; (II) an early differentiation stage, predominantly exhibiting lipid and protein synthetic activity; (III) an advanced differentiation or vitellocyte maturation stage, primarily exhibiting active glycogenesis still accompanied by an increase in lipid accumulation; and (IV) a mature vitellocyte stage. Vitellogenesis involves: (1) an increase in cell volume; (2) an extensive development of parallel, frequently concentrically arranged, cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) that produce dense, proteinaceous shell-gobules; (3) the development of Golgi complexes engaged in the packaging of this material; (4) an accelerated accumulation of unsaturated and saturated lipid droplets, along with their continuous enlargement and fusion; (5) the formation of individual β-glycogen particles and α-glycogen rosettes and their accumulation in the form of glycogen islands scattered among lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of maturing and mature vitellocytes; and (6) the rapid accumulation of large, saturated lipid droplets accompanied by dense accumulations of α- and β-glycogen along with proteinaceous shell-globules or shell-globule clusters in the peripheral layer during the advanced stage of vitellocyte maturation. Vitellogenesis in C. crassiceps generally resembles that previously described for three other bothriocephalideans, but differs from that of other cestode orders. Cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiocarbazide-silver proteinate for glycogen indicates a strongly positive reaction for β-glycogen particles and α-glycogen rosettes, which form several large glycogen accumulations around the large, saturated lipid droplets of maturing and mature vitellocytes. Some hypotheses concerning the interrelationships between patterns of vitellogenesis, the possible modes of egg formation, embryonic development and life cycles in cestodes, and their phylogenetic implications are commented upon.

scholarly journals High frequency of normal DJH joints in B cell progenitors in severe combined immunodeficiency mice.

1993 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Pennycook ◽  
Y Chang ◽  
J Celler ◽  
R A Phillips ◽  
G E Wu
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Scid Mice ◽  
Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
B Lineage

The severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse has a defective V(D)J recombinase activity that results in arrested lymphoid development at the pro-B cell stage in the B lineage. The defect is not absolute and scid mice do attempt gene rearrangement. Indeed, approximately 15% of all scid mice develop detectable levels of oligoclonal serum immunoglobulin and T cell activity. To gain more insight into the scid defect and its effect on V(D)J rearrangement, we analyzed DJH recombination in scid bone marrow. We determined that DJH structures are present in scid bone marrow and occur at a frequency only 10-100 times less than C.B-17+/+. The scid DJH repertoire is limited and resembles fetal liver DJH junctions, with few N insertions and predominant usage of reading frame 1. Moreover, 70% of the DJH structures were potentially productive, indicating that normal V(D)J recombinants should be arising continually.

Is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Involved in Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in the Fetal Mouse?

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Joanette S. Breslin ◽  
Robert R. Cardell
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Glycogen Particles

Considerable evidence suggests that hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) functions in both glycogen deposition and depletion and is closely associated with glycogen particles during both processes in the adult rodent liver. In this study we have investigated the time course of hepatic glycogen deposition and examined the association of SER with glycogen particles during fetal glycogen synthesis, i.e., from day 15 to day 19 of gestation (plug day = day 1).Livers were removed from fetal ICR mice and processed for either light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) or biochemical determination of glycogen. Biochemical analysis of glycogen concentrations in each liver revealed an average of 0.1% glycogen in day 15 and day 16 fetal livers, 0.6% in those from day 17, 2.0% on day 18 and nearly 5.0% by day 19. Light microscopic analysis of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stained semi-thin (1.0μm) sections confirmed the presence of increasing amounts of glycogen beginning on day 16 and reaching a maximum on day 19 of gestation.

Identification of Glycogen in Thin Sections of Amphibian Embryos

1967 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264
Author(s):  
MARGARET M. PERRY
Keyword(s):  
Staining Method ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Enzymic Digestion ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Schiff Reaction ◽  
Glycogen Particles

Embryonic amphibian cells when examined with the electron microscope were observed to contain an abundance of small particles, approximately 325 Å in diameter. The periodic acid/Schiff reaction and enzymic digestion were employed to determine the nature of the particles, and from the results of these tests they were concluded to be glycogen. Treatment of thin sections with periodic acid/lead citrate solutions resulted in a marked increase in contrast of the glycogen particles compared with other cell structures, and in a clearly defined substructure of 40-Å grains appearing within the particles. This differential staining method enabled the particulate glycogen to be distinguished from ribosomes.

The Annual Spermatogenetic Cycle of Tarentola mauritanica L. (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D'Alterio ◽  
O. Picariello ◽  
G. Ciarcia ◽  
F. Angelini
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
June July

AbstractThe gecko Tarentola mauritanica L. of southern Italy shows seemingly a tendentially continuous spermatogenetic cycle throughout the year. However, the amount of sperms produced at the level of the seminiferous tubules varies remarkably in the different months of the year: it is maximum in spring and in early summer, whereas it markedly decreases in June-July, when a drastic reduction in spermatogonial mitoses is observed. The slowing down in the spermatogonial activity not involves the complete disappearance of any definite cell stage of gametogenesis, but spermatogenesis is strongly reduced. In winter there is another slowing down in spermatogenesis, anyhow some new spermatozoa continue to form and to be released, though in extremely limited amounts. The general pattern of spermatogenesis is, therefore, of mixed or thermo-rigostatic type. The epididymis appears well developed throughout the year, showing only in wintera decreased amount of secretion. The epididymal tail acts as a system of spermatozoa storage, so that it is always full of sperms also in the period when the gametogenetic activity is at its minimum.

A Comparative Study of Three Methods for the Ultrastructural Demonstration of Glycogen in Thin Sections

1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-749
Author(s):  
M. V. VYE ◽  
D. A. FISCHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Particle Form ◽  
Sequential Combination ◽  
Second Procedure ◽  
Glycogen Particles

In order to evaluate 3 staining methods for demonstration of glycogen in thin sections, 2 tissues containing an abundance of this carbohydrate in β-particle form were studied. Tissues were aldehyde-fixed, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Araldite and sectioned in the usual manner without special precautions. The first method for staining thin sections employed a sequential combination of periodic acid, thiosemicarbazide and osmium tetroxide vapour, while in the second procedure a silver protein solution was substituted for the osmium tetroxide vapour. The third technique utilized periodic acid, sodium chlorite and uranyl acetate, also in sequential combination. Each method yielded glycogen particles of greater electron density than were seen in sections stained by the usual uranyl acetate-lead citrate procedure. Under high magnification, considerable method-dependent variation in the appearance of the glycogen granules was noted. Particulate substructure, only faintly visible in routinely stained sections, was easily resolved with the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver protein technique. Conversely, periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-osmium tetroxide completely obscured this substructure. With periodic acid-sodium chlorite-uranyl acetate, glycogen particles appeared larger, more confluent, and of a less regular outline than with the other methods. Sections were also stained by incubation in periodic acid prior to treatment with lead citrate. The alteration in appearance of the glycogen granules produced by this modification was so great that high-resolution analysis of particle size and substructure could not be undertaken. The usefulness of the procedures investigated here resides in their ability to stain glycogen in thin sections in an intense and selective manner.

Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of vitellogenesis in Wenyonia virilis Woodland, 1923 (Cestoda, Caryophyllidea)

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Świderski ◽  
Daniel Młocicki ◽  
John Mackiewicz ◽  
Jordi Miquel ◽  
Mohammed Ibraheem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Nuclear Surface ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Shell Protein ◽  
Large Shell ◽  
Shell Globule ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Mature Vitellocytes

AbstractVitellogenesis in Wenyonia virilis was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including the cytochemical detection of glycogen at the ultrastructural level with the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) technique. Mature vitelline follicles have cells in various stages of development, progressing from immature cells of gonial type near the periphery of the follicle to maturing and mature vitellocytes towards the centre. Maturation is characterized by: (1) increase in cell volume; (2) increase in nuclear surface area restoring the N/C (nucleo-cytoplasmic) ratio; (3) nucleolar transformation; (4) extensive development of parallel cisternae of GER, the shell-protein producing units; (5) development of Golgi complexes, engaged in shell-granule/shell-globule formation and packaging; (6) synthesis and storage of glycogen in the cytoplasm; (7) simultaneous, independent formation and storage of intranuclear glycogen; (8) continuous fusion of small shell-granules into larger shell-globules and fusion of these into large shell-globule clusters with a progressive increase in the number and size of the latter; and (9) disintegration of GER in the medial layer of vitellocyte cytoplasm, degenerative changes and accumulation of glycogen and shell-globule clusters within the cytoplasm. The functional significance of numerous shell-globule clusters and the relatively small amount of nuclear and cytoplasmic glycogen is analysed. Unlike vitellogenesis of other caryophyllids, the nuclear glycogen of mature vitellocytes in W. virilis is randomly dispersed in the nucleoplasm and never forms a high central accumulation, the so-called “nuclear vacuole”. The nutritive function of vitellocytes appears greatly reduced in W. virilis, a fact perhaps related to the intrauterine development of the early embryos. The ultrastructure of vitellogenesis in W. virilis is compared with that in other lower cestodes, both monozoic and polyzoic. Conclusions concerning interrelationships of the vitellogenesis pattern of the ultrastructural cytochemistry of mature vitellocytes of W. virilis to intrauterine embryonation, absence of uterine glands and an extensive uterus characteristic for this species, are drawn and discussed.

scholarly journals Pollen grain of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) - pattern of development

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Charzyńska ◽  
Nella Lenart
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Generative Cell ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Vegetative Nucleus ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Plate Formation ◽  
Microspore Stage

Pollen development in barley follows the general pattern established for other species of <em>Poaceae</em>: 1) microspore division occurs at the vacuolate microspore stage with polarly located nucleus; 2) microspore mitosis is immediately followed by phragmoplast and cell plate formation; 3) in consequence or unequal microspore division, the generative cell, at first attached to the pollen wall, is separated from the vegetative cell by a callosic wall; 4) during the postmitotic two-cell stage of development, the vegetative nucleus migrates to the aperture pole and is followed by the generative cell that is detached and free of callose wall. In this position the generative cell divides into two sperm cells. These data do not confirm the interpretation of pollen grain development in barley given by Cass and Karas in Can. J. Bot. 53: 1051-1062, 1975.

scholarly journals After traumatic brain injury oligodendrocytes regain a plastic phenotype and can become astrocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianshu Bai ◽  
Na Zhao ◽  
Wenhui Huang ◽  
Laura Caudal ◽  
Renping Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Lesion Site ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Plastic Potential ◽  
Simultaneous Activation ◽  
Differentiation Stage ◽  
Environmental Milieu

After acute brain injuries various response cascades are evoked that direct the formation of the glial scar. Here, we report that acute lesions associated with a disruption of the blood-brain barrier trigger a re-programming within the oligodendrocyte lineage. In PLP-DsRed1/GFAP-EGFP and PLP-EGFPmem/GFAP-mRFP1 transgenic mice with cortical injuries, we transiently found PLP transgene-labelled cells with activated GFAP promoter activity adjacent to the lesion site. We termed them AO cells, based on their concomitant activity of astro- and oligodendroglial genes. By fate mapping using PLP- and GFAP-split Cre complementation and NG2-CreERT2 mice we observed that major portions of AO cells surprisingly differentiated into astrocytes. Using repeated long-term in vivo two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) we followed oligodendrocytes after injury. We observed their conversion into astrocytes via the AO cell stage with silencing of the PLP promoter and simultaneous activation of the GFAP promoter. In addition, we provide evidence that this oligodendrocyte-to-astrocyte conversion depends on local cues. At the lesion site higher expression levels of various glial differentiation factors were detected. And indeed, local injection of IL-6 promoted the formation of AO cells. In summary, our findings highlight the plastic potential of oligodendrocytes in acute brain trauma. An altered environmental milieu affects gene expression programs of mature oligodendrocytes and induces a plastic differentiation stage with astrogliogenic potential via transitional AO cells.

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