Allozyme variations in six natural populations of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Turkey

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behiye Bilgen ◽  
Nuray Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

AbstractGenetic variation in six natural populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was determined with isoenzyme analyses. For this purpose, haploid female gametophytes of seeds and horizontal starch gel electrophoresis technique were used. A total of 17 loci and 58 alleles were observed in studying 10 enzyme systems. The average proportion of polymorphic loci for populations ranged from 58.8% to 70.6%. The average number of alleles per locus per population was 2.65. The mean estimated expected heterozygosity (He) of populations was 0.294. A rather high proportion of genetic diversity (96.4%) was due to within-population variation and the remaining (3.6%) was due to variation among populations. The level of gene flow (Nem) was found to be 6.69 per generation. Nei’s genetic distance coefficient ranged from 0.006 to 0.027 (mean 0.017) among all possible population pairs. The mean value of Nei’s genetic distance is similar to the values reported for other European Scots pine populations. The low mean value of Nei’s genetic distance among populations is enough to explain low interpopulation variation. According to genetic variation parameters, three out of six populations (Akdagmadeni-Yozgat, Refahiye-Erzincan and Vezirkopru-Samsun) appear to be preferable populations for genetic conservation and forest tree breeding programs.

scholarly journals Genetic studies revealed differences between European and North American populations of Calypogeia azurea

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Buczkowska ◽  
Alina Bączkiewicz ◽  
Patrycja Gonera
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

Abstract Calypogeia azurea, a widespread, subboreal-montane liverwort species, is one of a few representatives of the Calypogeia genus that are characterized by the occurrence of blue oil bodies. The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic variation and population structure of C. azurea originating from different parts of its distribution range (Europe and North America). Plants of C. azurea were compared with C. peruviana, another Calypogeia species with blue oil bodies. In general, 339 gametophytes from 15 populations of C. azurea were examined. Total gene diversity (HT) estimated on the basis of nine isozyme loci of C. azurea at the species level was 0.201. The mean Nei’s genetic distance between European populations was equal to 0.083, whereas the mean genetic distance between populations originating from Europe and North America was 0.413. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69% of C. azurea genetic variation was distributed among regions (Europe and North America), 15% - among populations within regions, and 16% - within populations. Our study revealed that C. azurea showed genetic diversity within its geographic distribution. All examined samples classified as C. azurea differed in respect of isozyme patterns from C. peruviana.

The systematic status of the lagoon periwinkle, Littorina tenebrosa

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain F. Wilson ◽  
Elizabeth M. Gosling ◽  
William Tapper
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
The Mean

Eight samples of Littorina tenebrosa and L. saxatilis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Ireland and Britain, including pairs of each form from two locations in Ireland, were screened for genetic variation at 12 polymorphic enzyme loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity were similar in L. tenebrosa and L. saxatilis, apart from a sample of L. tenebrosa from Britain which was less polymorphic than the Irish samples. No alleles were found to be unique to either form. Phylogenetic analysis using UPGMA showed that L. saxatilis and L. tenebrosa populations clustered as a monophyletic group. Nevertheless, the mean genetic distance between parapatric populations of L. saxatilis and L. tenebrosa (D=0.076) was similar to the mean for allopatric populations of either species (D=0.080). This indicates that there is a barrier to gene flow between the two forms Despite this, L. tenebrosa does not merit specific status since populations of this snail do not cluster as a distinct group, separate from L. saxatilis populations.

Rapd variation of late-maturing sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] landraces from Ethiopia

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mamo ◽  
A. Ayana ◽  
T. Tesso
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Polymorphic Bands ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

A study on the extent and pattern of genetic variability in late-maturing sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] landraces collected from the Wello and Hararge areas of Ethiopia was conducted using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for 70 individuals representing 14 populations. Four oligonucleotide primers generated a total of 55 polymorphic bands with 13–19 bands per primer and a mean of 16 bands across the 70 individuals. The value of the Shannon diversity index among the populations (0.26) and between the two regions (0.24) was low to moderate, despite the high degree of polymorphic bands per primer. The mean genetic distance (0.25) between the populations was found to be low. The low genetic variation may be due to the reduced population size of late-maturing sorghum landraces in the two regions of Ethiopia because of farmers’ decisions in the process of planting, managing, harvesting and processing their crops. Partitioning of the genetic variation into variation between and within the population revealed that 92.9% and 7.10% of the variation was found to be between and within the populations, respectively. Cluster analysis of genetic distance estimates further confirmed a low level of differentiation in late-maturing sorghum populations both between and within the regions. The implications of the results for genetic conservation purposes are discussed.

scholarly journals Enzyme variability in the Drosophila willistoni Group. V. Genic variation in natural populations of Drosophila equinoxialis

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Ayala ◽  
Jeffrey R. Powell ◽  
Martin L. Tracey
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Group V ◽  
Neutral Genetic Variation ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Genic Variation ◽  
Standard Techniques

SUMMARYWe have studied genetic variation at 27 loci in 42 samples from natural populations of a neotropical species, Drosophila equinoxialis, using standard techniques of starch-gel electrophoresis to detect allelic variation in genes coding for enzymes. There is considerarle genetic variability in D. equinoxialis. We have found allelic variation in each of the 27 loci, although not in every population. On the average, 71% of the loci are polymorphic – that is, the most common allele has a frequency no greater than 0·95 – in a given population. An individual is heterozygous on the average at 21·8% of its loci.The amount of genetic variation fluctuates widely from locus to locus. At the Mdh-2 locus arout 1% of the individuals are heterozygotes; at the other extreme more than 56% of the individuals are heterozygous at the Est-3. At any given locus the configuration of allelic frequencies is strikingly similar from locality to locality. At each and every locus the same allele is generally the most common throughout the distribution of the species. Yet differences in gene frequencies occur between localities. The pattern of genetic variation is incompatible with the hypothesis that the variation is adaptively neutral. Genetic variation in D. equinoxialis is maintained by balancing natural selection.The amount and pattern of genetic variation is similar in D. equinoxialis and its sibling species, D. willistoni. Yet the two species are genetically very different. Different sets of alleles occur at nearly 40% of the loci.

Increased boron concentrations of Scots pine foliage induced by green pruning

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1434-1440
Author(s):  
Heikki Nuorteva
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Dead Branch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pruning Residues ◽  
The Dead ◽  
One Year ◽  
Green Pruning

The responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) foliar boron (B) concentrations to artificial defoliation by green pruning were studied by examining sample trees for 3 years after the treatments. In winter, concentrations of boron in foliage were determined individually from needles on the lateral top shoots of 168 sample trees (at the beginning 2–8 m, at the end 4–10 m tall). To prevent the pruning residues from affecting the nutrition of the sample trees, all pruned branches were transported away from the research area. Before pruning, there were no differences in foliar B among the pruning classes. Reduction of the living crown by pruning (LCRP, % of the initial crown ratio) 50% or more increased the concentrations of foliar B drastically for 3 years. The increase was greatest in the largest trees with the highest LCRP (about 70%), where the mean concentrations of foliar B one year after pruning were nearly 180% higher than in the unpruned trees. Pruning of the dead branch whorls or only the few lowest living whorls did not affect the boron nutrition of the trees. In the current study, the ability of rapid and sufficiently large defoliation to increase B concentrations for several years in the Scots pine foliage was confirmed experimentally; earlier suggestions have been based on analyses made after defoliation. The potential suitability of green pruning is discussed as a method for improving the boron status of trees in boron-deficient areas.

Genetic architecture and adaptive landscape of interior lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia) in Canada

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2010-2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yi Xie ◽  
Cheng C. Ying
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Adaptive Landscape ◽  
Growth And Survival

The genetic architecture and adaptive landscape of interior lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.) in Canada were investigated in a provenance–family plantation located in central British Columbia. Fifty-three natural populations were sampled from three geographic regions covering the entire Canadian range, and their performance in growth and survival was recorded periodically over 20 years. Test results indicate that genetic variation among regions and among populations within regions was highly significant in all the traits investigated and accounted for, respectively, 53% and 41% of the total genetic variation in growth and 41% and 54% in survival. Within-population variation was also significant in growth but not in survival. Interior lodgepole pine in the central region demonstrated less genetic variation than in the northern and southern regions at both the population and family levels. In addition, the proportion of genetic variation associated with population was lower in the central region than in the other regions. Population differentiation in both growth and survival showed discernible elevational and geographic patterns. Regression models describing these adaptive patterns accounted for more than 80% of the among-population variation, and their veracity was verified with independent data. Populations of northern, coastal–interior transition, and high-elevation origin tended to have smaller trees with higher mortality. However, the patterns were not linear but differed in slope and (or) direction among regions. The adaptedness of populations tended to decrease as they were farther away from their origin, with a few exceptions displaying broad adaptation across more than 3° of latitude. As the test proceeded, population differentiation became more evident and adaptive clines became steeper. Some practical implications of these findings have been discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of genetic diversity among Iranian populations of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
M.R. Zolfaghari ◽  
F. Salimpour ◽  
F. Sharifnia ◽  
S.J. Marandi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Limited Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Clustering ◽  
Clustering Patterns ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

Ficus carica L. is a species of Moraceae family that has been cultivated in different parts of the world from ancient time. Its fruit is eaten by human and has several medicinal properties. This species widely grows and cultivated in various parts of Iran. For this, in the current study, we investigated infraspecific genetic variation and population structure of F. carica in the country. 14 natural populations of F. carica were collected and their genomic DNA were extracted and tested with RAPD molecular technique. Parameters of population’s genetic diversity varied among the studied populations. In addition, AMOVA test revealed significant variations among the populations.  The studied populations clustered separately in UPGMA tree of RAPD data, moreover PCA and MDS plots produced similar results. STRUCTURE analysis revealed the best number of k = 9. Based on Nei’s genetic distance, we had nine distinct groups. Genetic clustering patterns according to UPGMA trees of RAPD data and Nei’s genetic distance were more similar with the results of STRUCTURE analysis. The small amount of Nm) the product of the effective size of individual populations (N) and the rate of migration among them (m) (value showed limited gene flow among the studied populations, therefore it seems that high genetic variations among these populations may be related less or few amount of gene exchange among populations.

scholarly journals Regional genetic diversity in circadian period in Boechera stricta populations is high relative to the global range of diversity in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robby McMinn ◽  
Matti Salmela ◽  
Cynthia Weinig
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Circadian Period ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Boechera Stricta

Circadian clocks manifest adaptations to predictable 24-h fluctuations in the exogenous environment, but it has yet to be determined why the endogenous circadian period length in the wild varies genetically around the hypothesized optimum of 24 h. We quantified genetic variation in circadian period in leaf movement in 30 natural populations of the Arabidopsis relative Boechera stricta sampled within only 1° of latitude but across an elevational gradient spanning 2460−3300 m in the Rocky Mountains. Measuring over 3800 plants from 473 maternal families (7−20 per population), we found genetic variation that was of similar magnitude among vs. within populations, with population means varying between 21.9−24.9 h and maternal family means within populations varying by up to ~6 h. After statistically factoring out spatial autocorrelation at the habitat extremes, we found that elevation explained a significant proportion of genetic variation in circadian period such that higher-elevation populations had shorter mean period lengths and less within-population variation. Environmental data indicate that these spatial trends could be related to steep regional climatic gradients in temperature, precipitation, and their intra-annual variability. Our findings provide evidence that spatially fine-grained environmental heterogeneity contributes to naturally occurring genetic diversity in circadian traits in wild populations.

scholarly journals Differentiation of natural populations of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Ukrainian Polissya based on the findings of research into the morphological markers of cones and seeds

Biologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Mazhula ◽  
Yaroslav Fuchylo ◽  
Alyona Gordiyaschenko
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Morphological Markers ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Native Populations

Research into variability of morphological markers of the reproductive organs in nine natural populations of the  Scots pine of Ukrainian Polissya (Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, and Kyiv regions) was carried out during which the colour of cones, seeds, winged seeds, and the apophysis of the cones of the trees of native populations of the Scots pine were examined. The quantity and percentage of different morphological forms of the  cone and seeds of the  trees of investigated populations were defined. Trees with hooked (f. reflexa) apophysis of the cone (turning upwards) were discovered. As shown in the results of investigations, natural populations of the  Scots pine of Ukrainian Polissya are characterized by a  large variability of morphological forms. Altogether, 17 new forms of apophysis were described. Cluster analysis of a complex of morphological markers was conducted. It showed differentiation of some populations from the Rivne region.

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