Increased boron concentrations of Scots pine foliage induced by green pruning

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1434-1440
Author(s):  
Heikki Nuorteva
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Dead Branch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pruning Residues ◽  
The Dead ◽  
One Year ◽  
Green Pruning

The responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) foliar boron (B) concentrations to artificial defoliation by green pruning were studied by examining sample trees for 3 years after the treatments. In winter, concentrations of boron in foliage were determined individually from needles on the lateral top shoots of 168 sample trees (at the beginning 2–8 m, at the end 4–10 m tall). To prevent the pruning residues from affecting the nutrition of the sample trees, all pruned branches were transported away from the research area. Before pruning, there were no differences in foliar B among the pruning classes. Reduction of the living crown by pruning (LCRP, % of the initial crown ratio) 50% or more increased the concentrations of foliar B drastically for 3 years. The increase was greatest in the largest trees with the highest LCRP (about 70%), where the mean concentrations of foliar B one year after pruning were nearly 180% higher than in the unpruned trees. Pruning of the dead branch whorls or only the few lowest living whorls did not affect the boron nutrition of the trees. In the current study, the ability of rapid and sufficiently large defoliation to increase B concentrations for several years in the Scots pine foliage was confirmed experimentally; earlier suggestions have been based on analyses made after defoliation. The potential suitability of green pruning is discussed as a method for improving the boron status of trees in boron-deficient areas.

scholarly journals Estimation of Over- and Under-Bark Volume of Scots Pine Timber Produced by Harvesters

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Monika Sedmíková ◽  
Radim Löwe ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Pavel Natov ◽  
Rostislav Linda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Reference Price ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Bark Thickness ◽  
Partial Volumes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Volume Estimates

Harvesters produce one third of timber in Czechia. The aim of this study was to analyze the over- and under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) timber produced by a mid-performance harvester. The data were collected between March 2017 and June 2018. In total, 4661 stems cut into 29,834 logs were analyzed. For volume estimation, StanForD offers several price categories using various algorithms. Three of these price categories are relevant for Czech forestry—M3s, M3toDE, and M3miDE. The M3s price category is based on the estimation of partial volumes of 10 cm long sections, which are summed. Therefore, this price category represents the volume estimation closest to the true volume. By comparison, the M3toDE and M3miDE price categories use the same algorithm for volume estimation, which is based on the Huber formula using a midspan diameter rounded down to the nearest whole centimeter. The M3toDE price category underestimated the over-bark volume by 6.48% compared to the reference price category M3s. The mean log volume estimated through the M3s price category was significantly higher than the M3toDE volume both in individual grades and without grading. We found significant differences between under-bark volume estimates by the diameter band bark deduction method (DBM) and the parametric linear bark deduction method (PLM) used in harvester’s systems according to the Guidelines for Electronic Scaling of Timber for Harvesters in Czechia (GEH) for Scots pine butt logs with rough bark, and also for other logs with normal bark thickness. To obtain under-bark volume estimates of Scots pine timber that are comparable with the Guidelines for Timber Scaling in Czechia (GTS) using the parametric nonlinear bark deduction method (PNM), we recommend using the algorithm of the M3toDE price category, with double bark thickness determined by the diameter band bark deduction method.

scholarly journals Influence of toxic metal ions phenols in needles and roots, and on root respiration of Scots pine seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Karolewski ◽  
Marian J. Giertych
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
One Year

Nitrates of aluminum, cadmium, manganese and lead cause changes in the content of phenolic compounds (o-dPh and TPh) in needles and roots, and in the rate of dark respiration (DR) of roots of one-year-old seedlings of Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.). The changes depend on the cation, the salt concentration used, and the analyzed plant part. The observed changes in the levels of phenolic compounds in needles and roots, and the rate of respiration in roots, indicate the following rank in toxicity of the studied metal cations: Mn < Al < Pb < Cd.

Development of blue stain in mechanically harvested Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) logs during storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Szewczyk ◽  
Robert Jankowiak ◽  
Bartosz Mitka ◽  
Piotr Bożek ◽  
Piotr Bilański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Aesthetic

Blue stain is a type of discoloration that considerably lowers the aesthetic qualities of wood. During harvesting, fungal inoculum finds its way into the wood through places of cutting, delimbing, and damage to the tree stem. The development of peripheral blue stain in the logs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) due to damage by a harvester head was investigated, using logs felled and delimbed with a chainsaw as reference. The development of blue stain was related to the age class of the stand, the date of felling, and the microclimatic conditions of the wood storage place. The mean surface area of blue stain in logs produced with the harvester was almost 35 cm2, approximately 30% larger than that of the reference logs. In stands of the fourth age class (diameter at breast height 32 cm), the surface of blue stain was more than two times larger than that of stands of the third age class (diameter at breast height 24 cm). The mean area of blue stain in wood stored after spring felling (19.3 cm2) was about 50% of that after summer felling (38.2 cm2). In particular, the development of blue stain in logs obtained with a harvester was visible between weeks 6 and 9 after spring felling and between weeks 3 and 6 after summer felling. For both felling dates, the range of blue stain depended less on air temperature around the wood stack and depended more on the duration of storage.

scholarly journals Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9479
Author(s):  
Baiba Jansone ◽  
Valters Samariks ◽  
Modris Okmanis ◽  
Dārta Kļaviņa ◽  
Dagnija Lazdiņa
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
High Doses ◽  
One Year

Wood ash recycling can be a reasonable method for energy producers to decrease waste problems. Using wood ash as a fertilizer or liming material could improve soil macro and micronutrient content in peat soils. Therefore, the effect of wood ash on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) juvenile growth and nutrient content in the soil after spreading wood ash in medium to high doses before and after planting seedlings was investigated in peat forests in the Eastern part of Latvia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of high doses of wood ash on soil properties and the growth of planted Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings up to 10 years after experiment establishment. Wood ash was applied a year before planting seedlings in doses of 5 and 10 t ha−1 and right after planting in concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1. Changes in macronutrient content (i.e., phosphorus [P], and potassium [K]) and tree height and diameter at breast height were measured at one and 10 years after establishing the experiment. Fertilization one year prior to planting the seedlings exhibited a positive response on tree height and diameter growth compared to fertilization after the seedlings were planted. Soil samples from fertilized plots one year after establishment contained more P and K in the soil than the control plots. Wood ash application of the highest doses did not reach the overdose limit, as the tree growth (height and diameter at breast height) results of fertilized plots were similar to those of the control fields; therefore, no significant negative effect on tree growth was discovered.

The effect of mistletoe (Viscum album) on branch wood and needle anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Ozturk ◽  
Kadir Alperen Coskuner ◽  
Yetkin Usta ◽  
Bedri Serdar ◽  
Ertugrul Bilgili
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Lumen Area ◽  
Needle Anatomy ◽  
Vascular Area ◽  
One Year ◽  
Double Wall ◽  
Branch Wood

ABSTRACTMistletoes are hemi-parasitic plants growing on many tree species. They grow on the tree branches or trunk of a tree and form root-like structures called haustoria that penetrate into the tree, taking up water and mineral nutrients. Mistletoe is capable of causing a variety of effects to its hosts, including changes in wood formation and leaf development. We investigate and discuss the effects of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum, Santalaceae) on branch wood and needle anatomy of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris, Pinaceae). Parasitized and nonparasitized branches of Scots pine were sampled from host tree crowns of trees growing on the same site. Branches were taken from mid-crown facing south. They were cut at 2 cm proximal and 2 cm distal to the mistletoe on each host branch and at the corresponding position in the case of uninfected branches from the same host. The wood anatomy at proximal and distal parts and the parts at the corresponding position in the non-parasitized section was compared. The anatomy of one-year-old needles from both parasitized and non-parasitized branches was also compared. Mistletoe had significant influences on wood and needle anatomy. The major changes were the decreases in the double wall thickness, lumen area, tangential lumen area and radial lumen area of the tracheids in the wood and a decrease in vascular area in the needles. These results help to understand how mistletoe acts on its host.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring of Mercury Contamination in Poland Based on Its Concentration in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Foliage

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10366
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Woś ◽  
Piotr Gruba ◽  
Jarosław Socha ◽  
Marcin Pietrzykowski
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
The Baltic

This work evaluates current mercury (Hg) contamination in Poland, represented by the Hg concentrations in Scots pine foliage. Samples were collected over 295 investigation plots in monitoring grids throughout Poland, from pines aged between 12 and 147 years. Analyses were conducted with consideration of bioclimatic factors and soil properties. Concentrations in the pine foliage did not exceed the values characteristic of an ecosystem unaffected by industrial pollution, ranging from 0.0032 to 0.0252 mg kg−1 dry mass. However, pine stands located in western and central Poland, and in the northwest near the Baltic Sea, exhibited higher Hg concentrations in foliage than in eastern regions. Hg content in foliage depends on the mean temperature of the driest quarter, as well as on Hg content in soils. This indicates that the periods of drought observed in recent years in Poland may affect Hg concentrations in pine foliage.

Allozyme variations in six natural populations of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Turkey

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behiye Bilgen ◽  
Nuray Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

AbstractGenetic variation in six natural populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was determined with isoenzyme analyses. For this purpose, haploid female gametophytes of seeds and horizontal starch gel electrophoresis technique were used. A total of 17 loci and 58 alleles were observed in studying 10 enzyme systems. The average proportion of polymorphic loci for populations ranged from 58.8% to 70.6%. The average number of alleles per locus per population was 2.65. The mean estimated expected heterozygosity (He) of populations was 0.294. A rather high proportion of genetic diversity (96.4%) was due to within-population variation and the remaining (3.6%) was due to variation among populations. The level of gene flow (Nem) was found to be 6.69 per generation. Nei’s genetic distance coefficient ranged from 0.006 to 0.027 (mean 0.017) among all possible population pairs. The mean value of Nei’s genetic distance is similar to the values reported for other European Scots pine populations. The low mean value of Nei’s genetic distance among populations is enough to explain low interpopulation variation. According to genetic variation parameters, three out of six populations (Akdagmadeni-Yozgat, Refahiye-Erzincan and Vezirkopru-Samsun) appear to be preferable populations for genetic conservation and forest tree breeding programs.

scholarly journals Intrapopulational variability of Pinus sylvestris L. from Piekielna Góra in respect to cone and needle traits

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Maria A. Bobowicz
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Spanning Tree ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Setting Angle ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Perform Cluster Analysis ◽  
One Year

From 37 Scots pine trees in Piekielna Góra the two-year old cones were collected and studied in respect to 14 morphological traits including the setting angle. One-year old cones from the same trees were examined in respect to their setting angle only. The data obtained for two-year old cones were subject to a whole range of multivariate analytical methods, to detect variability between randomly selected trees. Discriminant analysis was performed, Mahalanobis distances between each pair of trees were calculated and their significance was estimated using the Hotelling T<sup>2</sup> statistics. A minimum spanning tree was constructed on the basis of the shortest Mahalanobis distances while Euklidean distances served to perform cluster analysis. The randomly selected sample of Scots pine population did not show any internal, significantly differentiated groups and variability among the trees was low. Cone dimensions belonged to the most variable traits, but the ratio of cone length to cone width showed the lowest variability. The extensive similarity of the population to the other earlier examined populations of <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L. from the Kłodzko District, and certain divergencies from the population are demonstrated.

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