scholarly journals Autopoiesis of the Discourse of Religious Tolerance (Early Intercultural Communication in the 19th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-100
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Bendin ◽  
N. M. Markova
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The problem of religious tolerance is becoming more and more relevant both for the Russian Federation and the modern world as a whole, since not only the media, but also academic publications almost every day inform us about conflicts between religious communities of local and global scale. The article examines a number of new aspects of the phenomenon of religious tolerance that are revealed when it is described as an autopoiesis of a specific intercultural communicative discourse. This specific discourse is explicitly presented in the texts of the 19th centuries and later texts included in the database of the academic linguistic resource National Corpus of the Russian Language. The texts manifest special forms of implicit tolerance, which is formed, developed and transformed in the global context of intercultural communication, which seeks to distribute the true (“due”, “normative”) and superstitious (“false”, “forbidden”). Starting with the most ancient texts supersticious is intended to mark the difference between permissible (“tolerant”, “ridiculed”) and the unconditionally forbidden (“dangerous”, “intolerant”). The development of communication from the most ancient face-to-face communication to written forms in urban cultures and mass media images of global reality contributes to the formation of an imperial understanding of local features in modern culture. A number of materials from the Russian history of the 19th century show us in detail the development of discourse of tolerance in dialectics with the discourse of intolerance. We can see it from the era of the creation of the Holly Alliance by Alexander I, in which Orthodox Christians, Catholics and Lutherans were proclaimed one Christian people to protective triad of Uvarov and national romanticism, which sought not only to distance itself from everything different, but also to enter into a multifaceted intercultural dialogue. This development placed issues concerning true

scholarly journals Textological Principles of Publishing F. M. Dostoevsky’s Novel The Idiot in the Academic Complete Works: Punctuation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
K. A. Barsht ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
19Th Century Literature ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
Printed Text ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Century Literature ◽  
Modern Russian

The article discusses the grammar used to reproduce the fundamental works of the 19th century literature in academic publications, with Volume 8 of the Complete Works by F. M. Dostoevsky in 35 Volumes, currently in preparation at Pushkinskij Dom (The Idiot), used as a case study. Certain textual solutions embodied in this text are analyzed, with the emphasis on the attempt to preserve the punctuation of the first printed text. The article outlines the cases where textual literalism distorts the meaning of Dostoevsky’s writing, violating academic traditions as well as the textual guidelines for the publication, that imply that the writer’s texts should be reproduced in accordance with the norms of the modern Russian language.

scholarly journals Vom historischen Erbe zur selbstbestimmten Sprach(en)politik? Literarische Mehrsprachigkeit in Litauen und Lettland

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Natalia Blum-Barth
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language

From Historical Legacy to Self-Determined Language(s) Policy? Literary Multilingualism in Lithuania and Latvia. The first part of this article looks at Soviet language(s) policy. Two further parts discuss language(s) policy and literary multilingualism in Lithuania and Latvia. The aim is not to provide a differentiated investigation, but to show similarities and differences as well as tendencies in the language(s) politics of the two states from the 19th century to the present in the mirror of literature and to explain them using case studies. In the fourth, concluding part, literary translation is highlighted as one of the formats for implementing multilingualism outside the text with particular focus on the consultative function of the Russian language.

scholarly journals On the high scientific quality of early research on strain and deformation fabrics (1835–1908)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Torres Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Strain Ellipsoid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. High-quality research developed during the 19th century established the foundations of rock strain investigations. Careful observation and description of rock fabrics and deformed objects in rocks allowed early researchers to obtain mathematical expressions that are still used today to quantify strain. Thus, in a span of a few decades, and applying basic scientific methodology, these researchers developed the concept of the strain ellipsoid, defined mathematically the difference between constant-volume and volume-loss deformation, constructed the basic equations that define pure and simple shear deformation, and discovered the mechanism of pressure–solution deformation. These advances were fundamental to seminal works on strain analysis and deformation fabrics in the mid-20th century. However, they are rarely addressed in modern studies, which suggests a lack of awareness among current researchers. In order to bring attention to these landmarks of strain research, I provide a historical review of the high standards of analysis that led to the definition of the fundamental equations and concepts on strain during the 19th century.

scholarly journals From exoticism to diversity: the production of difference in a globalized and fragmented world

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-36
Author(s):  
Michel Nicolau Netto
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
External Space ◽  
Dominant Discourse ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Difference is a social construction, and as such it needs a discourse to produce meaning and be socially effective. As a discourse is always socially and historically grounded, so it is the meaning of difference. This article proposes that the difference in the contemporary world is dominantly articulated in the discourse of diversity, as the discourse of exoticism was the dominant discourse of difference in the 19th Century. This proposal will be proved as I show that, as diversity becomes the appreciated discourse in the present, the exoticism loses its value. Stating that, I will try to understand the conditions of existence of each discourse. I will argue that the exoticism was founded in the 19th century upon three fundaments: imperialism, the idea of progress and nation. They provided the condition for a discourse that based the production of difference on the stable separation of an internal and an external space. After examining the fundaments and their relations with the discourse of exoticism, I will show that the production of difference is no longer based on stable notions of internal and external spaces. Currently, difference is produced on the basis of fragmented and globalized social relations, which requires a discourse flexible enough to cope with these material conditions. The discourse of diversity is this discourse.

Succession Rights of Muslim Women in the Modern World: An Analytical Appraisal

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Mohd Altaf Hussain Ahangar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Uniform Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Of Succession ◽  
The 19Th Century

Islam allows women the right to succession on the principle of a double share to a man and a single share to a woman. This principle is in reality an improvement on the operating law even in the 19th century wherein women were totally excluded from succession. Presently all Muslims are not governed by a uniform succession law. There are Muslim countries where the Shari‛ah is followed in theory while in reality a woman is excluded from inheritance. There are Muslim countries where Muslim women are allowed equal succession rights with men. Most non-Muslim countries have a uniform law of succession for all its citizens. This article addresses the question as to whether the modern law operating particularly in non-Muslim countries in comparison to Islamic law does better justice to nearer female heirs.

scholarly journals Neo-Kantian motifs in the works of A. Bely

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Valeria Belyaeva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the work of A. Bely in the development of Russian culture in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Attention is paid to the motives of the creative path of the philosopher-poet, who created the basis of Russian symbolism. By analyzing the cultural and historical manifestations of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, reflection in the works of art and science workers, an assessment of the severity of symbolism for the development of Russian philosophy and the field of art in general. In the process of the formation of symbolism in Bely's work, neo-Kantian motives are clearly revealed in the formulation of the problem of the difference between subjective perception and the essence of the object of perception in itself, that is, distinguishing between the symbol and the signified. By comparing Bely's views with the concept of sophiology and anthroposophy, distinct Kantian positions of the philosopher-poet stand out. These include the schematism of space and time, an attempt to apply the categories of natural science to the field of philosophy of art, as well as the demarcation of the immanent and the transcendent. Despite the fact that the ideas of the philosopher-poet in their form have similar positions with the anthroposophy of R. Steiner and with the ideas of V. Solovyov, however, the key content is the neo-Kantian methodology of "critical deepening" of thought and its rationalization. The actualization of Bely's creativity and the issue of his neo-Kantian motives is carried out by attracting research from related branches of knowledge on the principles of interdisciplinary consideration and implementation of an integrated approach.

scholarly journals Sootechestvenniki (compatriots) in the 19th century: semantic profile based on the data of the National Corpus of the Russian language

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
S. T. Zolyan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

The concept “sootechestvenniki” is one of the key tools for self-description of society; it is an instrument for drawing borderlines between “we” and “they”. The article describes the development of the meaning of this word since its coinage. The word appeared in the 18th cen­tury as a merger of the Old Slavic and Old Russian ‘otechestvo’ (fatherland, understood as one’s place of origin) and the French ‘compatriot’. This merger resulted in the formation of two new prototypical meanings: one is civic, collective and elevated, and the other gravitates to ethnicity since it is used to refer to Russians. With the strengthening of state institutions in Russia, the first meaning was bound to dominate and it did at the beginning of the 19th century. However, one should speak not about the synthesis, but rather about the discordance of the two meanings. In the 19th century, another meaning developed in the semantic struc­ture of the word: ethnic Russians living abroad. Gradually, the word acquired new evaluative meanings, while negative connotations still prevailed. The basic oppositions (we — they, here — there, ours — alien) interacted in an ambiguous way, substituting each other. A variety of hy­brid “compatriots” arose: we are there, they are here, etc. The heterogeneity of the seman­tics of the word reflects collisions within society, which faced a tragic internal split in the 20th century.

scholarly journals FRENCH, ITALIAN AND RUSSIANS STEREOTYPES IN INTERCULTURAL CROSSING

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
A. S. Ovchinnikova ◽  
G. V. Ovchinnikova
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Intercultural Interaction ◽  
Multicultural Personality ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

For the first time the article presents a comparative analysis of intercultural communication on the example of the analysis of stereotypes of the French, Italian and Russian languages. Students who study Russian as a foreign language, use it for intercultural communication, in which the difference of the interlocutors’ cultures can give rise to a “conflict of cultures”. The task of the teacher is to bring students not to an ethnic conflict but to the crossroads of cultures. The article aims at defining and distinguishing such terms as intercultural interaction, aculturation and deculturation, stereotype, cliche using methods of interactive, and conceptual analysis and the method of dictionary definitions. To date, there is no single methodological basis, which could allow to combine different approaches to the problem and to clarify the definition of interaction. Social nature of all communication processes, inter-cultural communication, in particular, requires analysis of the problem in the system of linguistic and cultural research, which is the most complete and qualitatively new understanding of the processes of formation and development of intercultural interaction, as well as determining the mechanisms of formation of a multicultural personality capable of successful socialization in the global world. According to some researchers, teaching intercultural communication can create contradictions with one’s own cultural identity: there is a fear of losing orientation in the usual socio-cultural space, losing identity, and losing support of your group. The article proves that the process of intercultural communication between the French, Italians and Russians at the lessons of the Russian language helps to eliminate the origin of such conflicts. The principle of openness and controversy in the organization of the learning process serves as a natural method to prevent such situations. The latter should be perceived by students as a search process in which both the cognitive and emotional levels of consciousness should be involved.

scholarly journals Corpus-based methods in stylistic studies: reshitel’nyi/reshitel’no in Fedor Dostoevskii’s individual style

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-416
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Sharapova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Lexical Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Individual Style ◽  
National Corpus

The article discusses the idiolectic features of the adjective reshitel’nyi and the adverb reshitel’no in Fedor Dostoevskii’s writing style. Conceived as one lexical item, reshitel’nyi and reshitel’no have a semantic structure that includes three blocks of meanings: quality/mode of action; discursive meaning; intensity (corresponding to the lexical function Magn). The dictionary definitions suggest that all of them were common to reshitel’nyi/reshitel’no in Russian language of the 19th century. Ноwever, a corpus-based study shows that reshitel’nyi/reshitel’no in discursive or intensifying use is one of Dostoevskii’s idiolectic patterns. The study comprises 1219 contexts from Dostoevskii’s five great novels and from Leo Tolstoy’s, Mikhail Saltykov Shchedrin’s, Ivan Turgenev’s and Ivan Goncharov’s literary texts accessible in the Russian National Corpus. The analysis reveals the closeness of intensification tо discursive meanings up to nondistinction. Almost half of the contexts extracted from Dostoevsky’s texts are discursive or intensifying uses of reshitel’nyi/reshitel’no. This share is much smaller for the texts of other authors (12%, 22%, 15% and 14% respectively). The article considers some types of contexts and constructions that refer to discursive or intensifying uses of reshitel’nyi/reshitel’no in Dostoesvskii’s literary texts.

scholarly journals Regionalar variatiónir í kornveltingini fyrr í tíðini. Ymiskt var, sum gomlu, føroysku bygdirnar vóru fyri, tá spurningurin var um kornvelting, tann tíð tað var / Regional variations in grain growing in the old days. The old faroese villages differed considerably in the days of grain growing

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Rolf Guttesen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Faroe Islands ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Detailed Picture

<p><strong>Úrtak:</strong> Greinin analyserar tær regionalu variatiónir, sum fyrst í 1800-talinum vóru í kornveltingini í Føroyum. Einstakar upplýsingar eru at finna um kornvelting í eldri keldum, men hesar seta ofta úrtøkuna, foldtalið, alt ov høgt. Landt og Svabo eru tó meira realistiskir, og seta foldtalið til umleið 7. Teir eru longu varir við, at munur er á úrtøkuni, og at Sandoy og Suðuroy eru best fyri. Tað stóra taltilfarið, sum liggur í Löbn­er’sa tabellum, ger tað møguligt at fáa eina klára mynd av støðuni í øllum bygdum í land­inum í 1813. Hetta verður lýst út frá trimum spurningum: Hvussu nógv varð sáað í mun til fólkatalið? Hvussu nógv fold gav veltingin? Og hvat var úrtøkan í mun til fólkatalið? Fyrsti spurn­ingur kann siga nakað um, hvussu stóran dent bygdirnar løgdu á tað at vera sjálvbjargnar við korni. Seinasta talið sigur nakað um, hvussu hesar royndirnar eydnaðust.</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> The paper analyses the regional variations in grain-cultivation on the Faroe Islands in the first decades of the 19th century. A few informa­tions are found i older sources, but generally these overestimate the yield. Landt and Svabo, however, are more realistic and propose the average yield to 7 (i.e. harvested amount in relation to sown amount). They are also aware of the difference in the yield, where Sandoy and Suðuroy are the best grain-growing places. The impressive amounts of information in the socalled Löbner tables make it possible to obtain a detailed picture of the situation in all of the villages in the country in 1813. The problem is illustrated from three questions: How much was sown in relation to the popu­lation? How was the yield/sown amount? And how big was the yield in relation to the popu­lation? The first question says somthing about the effort in each village to be self-sufficient with grain, while the last question will tell us to what extent these efforts were succesful.</p>

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