scholarly journals Vom historischen Erbe zur selbstbestimmten Sprach(en)politik? Literarische Mehrsprachigkeit in Litauen und Lettland

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Natalia Blum-Barth
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language

From Historical Legacy to Self-Determined Language(s) Policy? Literary Multilingualism in Lithuania and Latvia. The first part of this article looks at Soviet language(s) policy. Two further parts discuss language(s) policy and literary multilingualism in Lithuania and Latvia. The aim is not to provide a differentiated investigation, but to show similarities and differences as well as tendencies in the language(s) politics of the two states from the 19th century to the present in the mirror of literature and to explain them using case studies. In the fourth, concluding part, literary translation is highlighted as one of the formats for implementing multilingualism outside the text with particular focus on the consultative function of the Russian language.

scholarly journals Sootechestvenniki (compatriots) in the 19th century: semantic profile based on the data of the National Corpus of the Russian language

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
S. T. Zolyan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

The concept “sootechestvenniki” is one of the key tools for self-description of society; it is an instrument for drawing borderlines between “we” and “they”. The article describes the development of the meaning of this word since its coinage. The word appeared in the 18th cen­tury as a merger of the Old Slavic and Old Russian ‘otechestvo’ (fatherland, understood as one’s place of origin) and the French ‘compatriot’. This merger resulted in the formation of two new prototypical meanings: one is civic, collective and elevated, and the other gravitates to ethnicity since it is used to refer to Russians. With the strengthening of state institutions in Russia, the first meaning was bound to dominate and it did at the beginning of the 19th century. However, one should speak not about the synthesis, but rather about the discordance of the two meanings. In the 19th century, another meaning developed in the semantic struc­ture of the word: ethnic Russians living abroad. Gradually, the word acquired new evaluative meanings, while negative connotations still prevailed. The basic oppositions (we — they, here — there, ours — alien) interacted in an ambiguous way, substituting each other. A variety of hy­brid “compatriots” arose: we are there, they are here, etc. The heterogeneity of the seman­tics of the word reflects collisions within society, which faced a tragic internal split in the 20th century.

scholarly journals Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in the book “Russian novel” by E.-M. de Vogüé

Rhema ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
V. Trykov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Leo Tolstoy ◽  
Russian Novel ◽  
French Writer ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language

The article describes a problem of the reception of the shape of Leo Tolstoy by the French writer E.-M. de Vogüé (1848–1910), whose book “Russian Novel” (“Le roman russe”) (1886) never fully been translated into the Russian language, the influence of “neomisticism” and his interpretation of cultural situation in Europe at the end of the 19th century on the interpretation of the personality and creativity of the great Russian writer, revealed the ambiguity and contradictoriness of the assessment, which gives Vogüé to Tolstoy’s worldview.

scholarly journals A Case of Pragmaticalization in Russian: Micro-diachronic Analysis of the Particle ‘že’ in Questions

Slovene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-361
Author(s):  
Olga E. Pekelis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

Že is one of the most closely studied particles in Russian, but its use within interrogative sentences, although it is a separate type of use, has not been investigated in detail. In this paper, I deal with the semantic and syntactic properties of že as part of a constituent or a polar question in the 18th–19th centuries and in modern usage. Based on the Russian National Corpus data, it is demonstrated that, in modern texts, že can appear in questions in four different meanings, each of them pragmatically coloured, whereas in the 19th century and earlier, že could also have a pragmatically neutral meaning, close to a conjunctive one, which has today been lost. This diachronic development corresponds to a typologically widespread scenario and represents the process known as pragmaticalization. The proposed semantic analysis of že is further considered in the light of syntactic tendencies in the evolution of this particle. This analysis can explain the absence of že in the polar questions in modern Russian and its presence in such types of questions in the Russian language of the 18th–19th centuries. The assumption that že has lost its conjunctive-like meaning in interrogative sentences is consistent with the observation that the conjunctive že is the less frequent type of že in declarative sentences.

scholarly journals Аб магчымым уплыве грэцкай мовы на развіццё дзеепрыметнікаў залежнага стану цяперашняга часу ў славянскіх мовах

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Анатоль Багдзевіч
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Voice ◽  
The Russian Language

The passive participles of the present tense have been actively used only in Russian out of all Slavic languages since the 19th century and are a grammatical category that is not accepted by all native speakers of the standard Belarusian language as a normative one. During the development of Slavic languages, it has been experiencing two opposite tendencies: decline and revival. The article examines extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors that could have influenced the development of this verb form in a number of Slavic languages. According to the author, the bilingual Slavic-Greek consciousness of the creators of Slavic writing could have influenced the strengthening of these forms in the Russian language. The article analyzes possible connections of the Slavic participles of the present tense with the medial and passive participles of the Greek language in the light of their common origin from the Indo-European participle, as well as the process of development of participles during the restructuring of the voice category and in connection with the development of the aspect category.

Lexical borrowing of the second half of the 19th century in the letters of I. S. Turgenev

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Zakharova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Important Place ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Word Selection ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Colloquial Speech ◽  
The Russian Language

The paper discusses lexical borrowings from the Western European languages in Russian in the second half of the 19th century in the letters of I. S. Turgenev. The definition of the term “borrowing” is given. The criteria determining the entry of a foreign language unit into the lexical system of the Russian language are specified. The word’s being widely represented in various dictionaries is considered as one of the important criteria to determine the foreign lan-guage word’s common usage. The entry dating of foreign words in the Russian language is specified in letters and other sources. The processes of semantic adaptation of borrowings in the Russian language of the 19th century are analyzed: narrowing, expansion of the meaning and scope of the word usage, complication of the semantic structure, appearance of meanings typical of colloquial speech or having individual authorial character, connotation change. This study allowed considering the letters of I. S. Turgenev as a valuable source for compiling et-ymological dictionaries of the Russian language since the borrowed vocabulary is not fully re-flected in them. The author believes that the material of the letters of I. S. Turgenev should be reflected in the Dictionary of the Russian language of the 19th century. With instability and the dynamics of units being the principle of word selection in the dictionary, borrowed vo-cabulary will take an important place as an significant part of the neology of this era.

From the History of Teaching Spelling at School: Method of «Сacography» in the Methodological Heritage of P. M. Perevlessky

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
N. V. Kornilov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language

In this article, the author refers to the methodological heritage of a Russian philologist of the 19th century P. M. Perevlessky. In his book «Practical orthography with preliminary comments» (1842), P. M. Perevlessky proposed a “proofreading exercises” (carefully checking a text for errors) as practice techniques for learning orthography for schoolchildren. He emphasized the close relationship between spelling and grammar. After the publication of his book, the term «cacography» was introduced into scientific parlance, which is also used in modern methodology of teaching the Russian language. The author notes that there are still supporters and opponents of “proofreading practice”.

scholarly journals “Tashkent front”: basing on folklore daily life and literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 232-245
Author(s):  
Eleonora F. Shafranskaya
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Real ◽  
Short Novel ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language

For about a century and a half, Tashkent was part of the region of Russian statehood. During this time, the toponym Tashkent has enriched the Russian language with a number of phraseological expressions. For example, back in the 19th century, the ironic phrase “gentlemen of Tashkent” arose thanks to Saltykov-Shchedrin. In a considerable number of “Tashkent” phraseological units we meet the “Tashkent front”. The present paper appeals to this precedent text, a kind of slander that appears during the Great Patriotic War. On the basis of memoir and fiction (diaries and memories of Vs. Ivanov, K. Chukovsky, L. Chukovskaya, E. Meletinsky and narratives by V. Nekrasov, K. Simonov and N. Gromova), the author considers this phraseologism in its existence context that gives rise both to its component parts (“Tashkent medals”, “Tashkent partisans”) and ambiguous interpretations (the real approach of the “German” to Tashkent, the rescuing locus and the labor front, the recent military past). In the context of K. Simonov's short novel “Twenty days without war” and N. Gromova's archival novels, the author examines a traumatic stage in a biography of the Soviet poet V. Lugovsky accused by his contemporaries of dodging the war on the “Tashkent front”. The study also mentions the name of Nikolai Karazin — in the form of a pattern of Central Asian wars, significant both for the writer Simonov and for the historical and cultural meta-text.

scholarly journals Loan Words in the Russian Language of the Second Half of the 19th Century (On the Material of N. S. Leskov᾽s Letters)

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language

Neology of the Russian language of the 19th century is a promising field of historical lexicology. Russian neologisms of that era are among the main objects of attention for the compilers of the Dictionary of the Russian language of 19th century. Letters of Russian writers represent an important source for the study of neologisms, since in their correspondence with friends, colleagues, relatives, acquaintances, writers responded to changes in the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, and this was reflected in the language of the letters. We used the letters of N. S. Leskov as our source, in which one can observe different types of foreign language units. Borrowed words are often reflected in dictionaries with great delay. Leskov’s letters offer interesting material for the observation the initial stages of the use of foreign words in the Russian language. In addition, letters allow us to analyze the peculiarities of functioning of borrowed words in the Russian language. The purpose of the study is to identify loan words in Leskov's letters and to analyze their peculiarities in the aspect of the overall dynamics of Russian lexical-semantic system. The article gives the definition of the term «borrowing», and specifies criteria of the emergence of foreign language units in the lexical system of the Russian language. Material of Leskov’s letters proves that they are a valuable linguistic source for exact dating of the emergence of foreign words in the Russian language, and thus they can be used to adjust data dictionaries; and to trace the processes of adaptation of loan words in the 19th century Russian language (the processes of expansion and narrowing of the semantic structure of words, determinologization, metaphorization values).

scholarly journals The media space of the 19th century in the mirror of the Russian language: Lexico-phraseological aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-160
Author(s):  
Valentina N. Kalinovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Linguistic Material

The study of the history of Russian vocabulary during a particular period makes it possible to identify dynamically developing groups of vocabulary that are united according to some principle (lexical and semantic fields, word-formation nests and types). The differential principle of forming a word list for the “Dictionary of the Russian language of the XIX century” provides such an opportunity with regard to vocabulary and phraseology related to the thematic group “journalism”. The article analyzes lexical neologisms (zhurnalizm, zhurnal’nost’, gazetnost’) from the point of view of the verbalization of concepts related to the awareness of a new socio-philosophical reality in Russian social life in the 19th century. The semantic content of the word-terms is analyzed and chronological data regarding their appearance in the Russian language are corrected. The broad lexical compatibility is considered with regard to su ch lexemes as zhurnal’nyj (zhurnal’naja kritika; zhurnal’nyje stateyki, melochi; zhurnal’nyje vykhodki, shutki, pochesti, zakidat’ zhurnal’noj gryaz’ju; zhurnal’nyj Aristarkh, zhurnal’nyj pisaka; zhurnal’nyj syshchik, zhurnal’nyje psy, plutni; zhurnal’nyj frant, shut, etc.), gazetnyj (gazetnyj mir, mirok; gazetnoje obshchestvo; gazetnyj yazyk; gazetnyje borzopistsy, gazetnyj genij; gazetnyj vodovorot, gazetnyj tovar, etc.) in the texts of 19th century Russian authors; the emphasis is placed on the special role of adjectives as markers of elements of a new social mentality, conditioned by the formation of the “media space”. The article also analyzes the linguistic facts that indicate the formation of evaluative vocabulary in this group of words (zhurnal’chik, zhurnalishko, zhurnalets; gazetka, gazetishka, gazetenka, gazetchina), which serves as an indicator of the attitude of society, as well as its individual members represented by the authors of texts to the phenomenon of new literature. The results of the analysis carried out with respect to the linguistic material presented in the article made it possible to characterize the collected facts as objective evidence of the identification of the media space in the linguistic picture of the Russian person’s world; the projection of the facts obtained in the course of this study onto the previously studied linguistic material confirms the presence in this picture of a certain matrix that organizes our ideas about the structure of social relations. The results of the analysis, which showed the productivity of using historical-lexicological and lexicographic methods in the study of actual linguistic material, can be used by researchers in various fields of the humanities.

scholarly journals History of the Russian Language in Hungary in the 19th Century. Discovering Kirill Szabov

Slovene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 328-351
Author(s):  
Marianna Lyavinecz-Ugrin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Language Teacher ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
New Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Language Literature

The history of the Russian language in Hungary was directly linked to the works of Russophile Rusyn writers, who in the 19th century proclaimed the idea of literary and spiritual pan-Slavism in Subcarpathian Rus, which led to the spreading of Russian language, literature and culture. Among the names of well-known figures and famous writers, such as Alexander Dukhnovich, Ivan Rakovsky, Adolf Dobrjanskу, Yevgeny Fentsik (Vladimir), Anatoly Kralytsky, Alexander Mytrak (Materin), Ivan Silʹvaі (Uriil Meteor), etc., from time to time one can spot the name of Kirill Antonovich Szabov, one of the Russophile writers. His modest personality and character could be the reason for which the name of the gifted and highly educated Russian language teacher and the author of the grammar of the Russian language (1865) and the brief collection of selected works in prose and verse (1868), went into oblivion. Consequently, his literary and academic work is not well known. This paper is devoted to the life, pedagogical and literary activity of Kirill Szabov with the aim of revealing new information about him and the history of the Russian language in Hungary to the academic community.

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