Objectives: Lighting is one of the environmental factors which can improve patient sleep in healthcare environments. Due to the high degree of variation in study designs and results on this topic, the implications have been difficult to interpret. This review consolidates studies on the impact of bright light exposure on sleep to identify lighting conditions that can be applied and researched in future healthcare environments. Methods: We searched for peer-reviewed articles on the impact of light on sleep or sleep-related outcomes in healthcare settings. We provided detailed analysis of the direct links between light and sleep, and a more cursory analysis of links between light and sleep-related factors, from 34 articles which met our inclusion criteria. Results: The current state of the literature includes evidence on how various durations and intensities of morning, midday, and evening bright light exposure, as well as whole-day light exposure interventions can improve specific aspects of sleep. Lighting interventions differed in all attributes (illuminance levels, exposure time, exposure duration, and spectral qualities) but showed promising results in improving patients’ sleep. Conclusions: Short-term bright light exposure in the morning, up to 2 hr of moderate (3,000–10,000 lux) morning exposures, up to 4 hr of moderate evening exposure, and whole-day exposures to lower illuminance levels (<3,000 lux) can improve patient sleep outcomes. Based on new findings on the mechanism through which light impacts sleep, future studies should be more specific about the spectral qualities of light sources.
The Relationship between Flow, Sleepiness and Cognitive Performance: The Effects of Short Afternoon Nap and Bright Light Exposure
