NUMERICAL-ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE LUMINANCE FACTOR OF AN ARBITRARY SURFACE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Y. Basov ◽  
G.V. Boos ◽  
V.P. Budak ◽  
A.V. Grimailo
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance ◽  
Parallel Layer ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The One ◽  
Luminance Factor ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution

Road safety is determined by the distribution of luminance created by asphalt concrete surfaces. On the one hand, experimental determination of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function is laborious, on the other hand, for some angles this task is difficult. The authors propose to use both analytical and statistical models of the luminance factor, which allow determining the luminance factors or coefficients for arbitrary angles of incidence and sighting. The models are based on the idea of a plane-parallel layer, in the volume of which radiation scattering occurs. With correctly selected optical properties of the layer (the optical thickness of the medium, the albedo of single scattering, the phase function of the particles included in the composition), the models allow obtaining reliable results, which was confirmed when compared with the measurement results. The models can also be applicable not only for asphalt concrete pavements, but also for any other surfaces.

Sound influence on spa park perception in feelings of visitors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Sztubecka ◽  
Maria Mrówczyńska ◽  
Anna Bazan-Krzywoszańska ◽  
Marta Skiba
Keyword(s):  
Human Perception ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Noise can have many harmful effects on the recipients, however people exposed to noise on a long-term and regular basis can get used to it, even if the permissible levels are exceeded. In cities, green areas and park systems are provided to create a climate for rest and relaxation. Spa parks are a special kind of such park systems, which – in addition to the above-mentioned features – support therapies offered by spa facilities located there. On the one hand, patients and visitors appreciate various social and entertainment events held there, but – on the other – a multitude of sounds associated with them may reduce the comfort of their stay. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the results of noise measurements and the human perception of noise within the impact zone. The examined area is a spa park in the health resort district of Inowrocław, where seasonal measurements (taken in summer and winter) provided a basis for the determination of the connection between the measured values of equivalent sound level and the noise level perceived by surveyed people. A statistical analysis was performed to take into account the correlation between the obtained measurement results and the human perception of noise. It shows some differences in the perception of heard sounds. The results allow an evaluation of the soundscape of the analysed area.

Determination of the dynamics of the odour release from a pig house, using an electronic odour sensor

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gallmann ◽  
E. Hartung ◽  
G. Brose ◽  
T. Jungbluth
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Metal Oxide Sensors ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Animal Mass ◽  
The One ◽  
Pig Husbandry

The widely fluctuating operating conditions in pig husbandry, due to climatic and biological changes (changes in temperature and air flowrate between day and night, as well as between summer and winter, increasing animal mass during the fattening process, etc.) exert a significant influence on the amount of actual odour emission. The project presented here comprised the measurement of seasonal (fattening course), daytime-related, and short-term (feeding) dynamic effects of odour release, as well as the identification of potential factors which influence the amount of odour emitted. In parallel with “classic” olfactometry, an electronic odour sensor with a chemosensor array of ten metal oxide sensors was employed. The highest odour emissions are measured on hot summer days, while the lowest emissions were determined on cold winter days. On the one hand, the sensor signals of the electronic odour sensor exhibited considerable differences on days with large volume flow alterations. On the other hand, continuous measurement with the electronic odour sensor allowed changes in the gas- and odorant composition of the exhaust air during feeding times to be shown. From the measurement results, recommendations for odour sampling, the consideration of seasonal odour emission fluctuations, and the use of electronic odour sensors for the evaluation of odour emissions have been derived.

Virtual gonio-spectrophotometer for validation of BRDF designs

Open Physics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Mihálik ◽  
Roman Ďurikovič
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Model ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution

AbstractMeasurement of the appearance of an object consists of a group of measurements to characterize the color and surface finish of the object. This group of measurements involves the spectral energy distribution of propagated light measured in terms of reflectance and transmittance, and the spatial energy distribution of that light measured in terms of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In this article we present the virtual gonio-spectrophotometer, a device that measures flux (power) as a function of illumination and observation. Virtual gonio-spectrophotometer measurements allow the determination of the scattering profile of specimens that can be used to verify the physical characteristics of the computer model used to simulate the scattering profile. Among the characteristics that we verify is the energy conservation of the computer model. A virtual gonio-spectrophotometer is utilized to find the correspondence between industrial measurements obtained from gloss meters and the parameters of a computer reflectance model.

Inelastic Electron Scattering from Valence Electrons in Aluminum

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
P. E. Batson ◽  
C. H. Chen ◽  
J. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Scattering Spectrum ◽  
Valence Electrons ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Electronic Scattering

We wish to report in this paper measurements of the inelastic scattering component due to the collective excitations (plasmons) and single particlehole excitations of the valence electrons in Al. Such scattering contributes to the diffuse electronic scattering seen in electron diffraction patterns and has recently been considered of significance in weak-beam images (see Gai and Howie) . A major problem in the determination of such scattering is the proper correction for multiple scattering. We outline here a procedure which we believe suitably deals with such problems and report the observed single scattering spectrum.In principle, one can use the procedure of Misell and Jones—suitably generalized to three dimensions (qx, qy and #x2206;E)--to derive single scattering profiles. However, such a computation becomes prohibitively large if applied in a brute force fashion since the quasi-elastic scattering (and associated multiple electronic scattering) extends to much larger angles than the multiple electronic scattering on its own.

Two-Stage Procedure for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin III Concentration and Some Applications

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 198-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S Reno ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
The One ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryA two-stage assay procedure was developed for the determination of the autoprothrombin C titre which can be developed from prothrombin or autoprothrombin III containing solutions. The proenzyme is activated by Russell’s viper venom and the autoprothrombin C activity that appears is measured by its ability to shorten the partial thromboplastin time of bovine plasma.Using the assay, the autoprothrombin C titre was determined in the plasma of several species, as well as the percentage of it remaining in the serum from blood clotted in glass test tubes. Much autoprothrombin III remains in human serum. With sufficient thromboplastin it was completely utilized. Plasma from selected patients with coagulation disorders was assayed and only Stuart plasma was abnormal. In so-called factor VII, IX, and P.T.A. deficiency the autoprothrombin C titre and thrombin titre that could be developed was normal. In one case (prethrombin irregularity) practically no thrombin titre developed but the amount of autoprothrombin C which generated was in the normal range.Dogs were treated with Dicumarol and the autoprothrombin C titre that could be developed from their plasmas decreased until only traces could be detected. This coincided with a lowering of the thrombin titre that could be developed and a prolongation of the one-stage prothrombin time. While the Dicumarol was acting, the dogs were given an infusion of purified bovine prothrombin and the levels of autoprothrombin C, thrombin and one-stage prothrombin time were followed for several hours. The tests became normal immediately after the infusion and then went back to preinfusion levels over a period of 24 hrs.In other dogs the effect of Dicumarol was reversed by giving vitamin K1 intravenously. The effect of the vitamin was noticed as early as 20 min after administration.In response to vitamin K the most pronounced increase was with that portion of the prothrombin molecule which yields thrombin. The proportion of that protein with respect to the precursor of autoprothrombin C increased during the first hour and then started to go down and after 3 hrs was equal to the proportion normally found in plasma.

SIMPLIFIED DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. Asfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression Test ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
The One ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression

ABSTRACT This is an investigation of the practical clinical value of the one mg dexamethasone suppression test of Nugent et al. (1963). The results, evaluated from the decrease in fluorimetrically determined plasma corticosteroids in normal subjects, as well as in cases of exogenous obesity, hirsutism and in Cushing's syndrome, confirm the findings reported in previous studies. Plasma corticosteroid reduction after one mg of dexamethasone in cases of stable diabetes was not significantly different from that observed in control subjects, but in one third of the insulin-treated diabetics only a partial response was observed, indicating a slight hypercorticism in these patients. An insufficient decrease in plasma corticosteroids was observed in certain other conditions (anorexia nervosa, pituitary adenoma, patients receiving contraceptive or anticonvulsive treatment) with no hypercorticism. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that the test, together with a determination of the basal urinary 17-ketogenic steroid excretion, is suitable as the first diagnostic test in patients in whom Cushing's syndrome is suspected. In cases of insufficient suppression of plasma corticosteroids, further studies, including the suppression test of Liddle (1960), must be carried out.

A Validated 2D-LC-UV Method for Simultaneous Determination of Imatinib and N-demethylimatinib in Plasma and Its Clinical Application for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring with GIST Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houli Li ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Xiaoliang Cheng ◽  
Qiaowei Zheng ◽  
Kai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Column Temperature ◽  
Injection Volume ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
The One ◽  
Middle Column

Background: The trough concentration (Cmin) of Imatinib (IM) is closely related to the treatment outcomes and adverse reactions of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). However, the drug plasma level has great interand intra-individual variability, and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is highly recommended. Objective: To develop a novel, simple, and economical two-dimensional liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detector (2D-LC-UV) for simultaneous determination of IM and its major active metabolite, N-demethyl imatinib (NDIM) in human plasma, and then apply the method for TDM of the drug. Method: Sample was processed by simple protein precipitation. Two target analytes were separated on the one-dimension column, captured on the middle column, and then transferred to the two-dimension column for further analysis. The detection was performed at 264 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 40˚C and the injection volume was 500 μL. Totally 32 plasma samples were obtained from patients with GIST who were receiving IM. Method: Sample was processed by simple protein precipitation. Two target analytes were separated on the one-dimension column, captured on the middle column, and then transferred to the two-dimension column for further analysis. The detection was performed at 264 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 40˚C and the injection volume was 500 μL. Totally 32 plasma samples were obtained from patients with GIST who were receiving IM. Conclusion: The novel 2D-LC-UV method is simple, stable, highly automated and independent of specialized technicians, which greatly increases the real-time capability of routine TDM for IM in hospital.

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