Hannah Director: Jewish Pioneer, Chairman of the School Board

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillooet Nordlinger McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
School Board ◽  
Jewish Woman ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Public Office ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Société Canadienne ◽  
Canadian Jews

Hannah Director (1886-1970) is a noteworthy, but overlooked, figure in Jewish Canadian historiography. Her life and contributions encapsulate many of the challenges experienced by Canadian Jews throughout the early twentieth century. In 1917/1918 Director was elected chairman of the school board in Prince George, British Columbia. In doing so, she became the first Jewish woman elected to public office in Canada. By investigating the larger social circumstances within Canadian society this article will elucidate Hannah Director’s integration into the rural frontier and urban settings of BC during the early twentieth century.Hannah Director(1886-1970) est une figure remarquable, et pourtant peu connue, de l’historiographie juive canadienne. Sa vie et ses contributions illustrent parfaitement les nombreux défis auxquels ont été confrontés les Juifs canadiens au début du XXe siècle. En 1917/1918, Director est élue présidente de la commission scolaire de Prince George en Colombie Britannique. Elle est ainsi devenue la première femme juive à être élue à une charge publique au Canada. En s’intéressant au contexte plus large de la société canadienne, cet article jette un éclairage nouveau sur l’intégration d’Hannah Director dans les milieux ruraux et urbains de la Colombie Britannique du début du XXe siècle.

scholarly journals “A Hard Strain on Imperialism”: South Asian Resistance to the British Honduras Scheme

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
Kenneth Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
British Empire ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Canadian Government ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
British Honduras

In the fall and winter of 1908, the Canadian government attempted to relocate South Asians living in British Columbia to British Honduras for indentured labour. Those in favour of relocation claimed that most South Asians were unemployed, were unable to survive winter, and could not adapt to Canadian society because of their religious beliefs. South Asians who opposed relocation challenged many of these claims and formed a wide network across the British Empire to foil this relocation. This study discusses the overlooked subject of the Canadian state’s attempts to remove South Asians who had already settled in the country, as well as the agency of South Asians in early-twentieth-century Canada. The documents examined throughout this article show that the British Honduras Scheme failed when South Asians could not be convinced that it served their interests and found that they possessed the necessary resources to challenge deportation.

scholarly journals The Engineers' Engineer: Sir John Kennedy and the Port of Montreal

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Richard White
Keyword(s):  
Civil Engineer ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Working Life ◽  
River Channel ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Chief Engineer ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
St Lawrence River ◽  
Civil Engineers

Abstract This article gives an overview and analysis of the career of Canadian civil engineer Sir John Kennedy (1838-1921), and comments on what Kennedy's career reveals of the professional ideals of early twentieth century engineering. Kennedy was a highly regarded engineer in his day. He served as an early President of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE) in 1892 and is one of the few Canadian engineers to have been knighted. Kennedy spent most of his working life as Chief Engineer of the Montreal Harbour Commission, in which capacity he oversaw the deepening of the St Lawrence River channel from Quebec to Montreal and a complete reconstruction of the Montreal harbour—two projects that essentially made the modern Port of Montreal. The study provides details of these construction jobs and of Kennedy's role in the work. So well regarded was Kennedy by his peers that shortly after his death the CSCE named its highest professional award after him, making him literally a professional icon. The author takes this to indicate that Kennedy's professional style and values—congenial, practical, and public-spirited—evidently embodied the professional ideals of the time.

scholarly journals The “Idiot Sticks”: Kwakwaka'wakw Carving and Cultural Resistance in Commercial Art Production on the Northwest Coast

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Jack Davy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Cultural Resistance ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Commercial Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Art Production ◽  
Historical Accounts

“Idiot sticks” was a derogatory term used to describe miniature totem poles made as souvenirs for white tourists by the artists of the Kwakwaka'wakw people of British Columbia in the early twentieth century. Tracking the post-contact history of the Kwakwaka'wakw using a combination of historical accounts and interviews with contemporary Kwakwaka'wakw artists, this article explores the obscured subversive and satirical nature of these objects as a form of resistance to settler colonialism, and in doing so reconsiders who really could be considered the “idiot” in this exchange.

The sedimentary record and Neoglacial history of Tide Lake, northwestern British Columbia

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 2383-2396 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Clague ◽  
William H. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Coast Mountains ◽  
Fine Sediments ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
History Of

Tide Lake was the largest glacier-dammed lake in British Columbia before its demise in the early twentieth century. Situated in the northern Coast Mountains, the lake was impounded by Frank Mackie Glacier and its Neoglacial end moraine. A study of Tide Lake has provided information on styles of glaciolacustrine sedimentation and the chronology of the Neoglacial interval.Much of the sediment underlying the floor of Tide Lake was transported by subglacial and proglacial meltwater streams flowing from nearby glaciers. During the last phase of the lake, large subaqueous fans were built in front of Berendon and Frank Mackie glaciers, and deltas formed on the east side of the basin. Rhythmically bedded fine sediments, which cover much of the lake floor but are almost completely lacking on the slopes above, were deposited from underflows originating on deltas and subaqueous fans and by fallout from interflows and overflows.Three major and one minor lake phases are recognized from stratigraphic, geomorphic, radiocarbon, and dendrochronological data: the earliest phase is undated, but older than 3000 BP (1300 B.C.); the second phase has yielded radiocarbon ages of 2600–2700 BP (800–1000 B.C.); a third, minor phase, during which Tide Lake was restricted to the northern part of the basin, began before 1600 BP (A.D. 350–550) and probably ended a few hundred years later; the last phase may have begun as early as 1000 BP (A.D. 1000–1150), peaked in the seventeenth century, and ended in the early twentieth century. During each of the four phases, Tide Lake fluctuated in a complex fashion and at times was empty. The second phase corresponds to a widely recognized middle Neoglacial advance in western North America; the last phase is coincident with the Little Ice Age. Outburst floods from Tide Lake in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries devastated Bowser River valley as far downstream as Bowser Lake. The last of the floods occurred around A.D. 1930 when the Frank Mackie moraine was breached and the lake emptied for the last time.

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