Refractive index and scattering effects on radiative behavior of a semitransparent layer

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss two major categories of nonlinear effects related either to nonlinear refractive index or to nonlinear stimulated scattering effects. The effects related to nonlinear refractive index occur due to the dependence of the refractive index on the optical signal intensity. On the other hand, stimulated scattering effects are caused by interaction between light and material. As many wavelength signal channels travel through the optical fiber, they encounter many of those nonlinear effects impairments that affect the signal power level and hence degrade sharply the quality of the signal resulting in interference among signals carried by different wavelength channels. Therefore, before delving into the optical transmission performance issues, a physical picture of how optical signals behave in the presence of the most important nonlinear effect impairments is drawn.

Refractive index and scattering effects on radiation in a semitransparent laminated layer

Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer ◽

10.2514/3.523 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 193-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

C. M. Spuckler ◽

R. Siegel

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Scattering Effects ◽

Laminated Layer

Electron crystallographic determination of the 3-D structure of staurolite at atomic resolution

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010008701x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 540-541

Author(s):

Kenneth H. Downing ◽

Hu Meisheng ◽

Hans-Rudolf Went ◽

Michael A. O'Keefe

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽

Atomic Resolution ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Structure Information ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Scattering Effects ◽

High Resolution Images ◽

Effects Of Radiation

With current advances in electron microscope design, high resolution electron microscopy has become routine, and point resolutions of better than 2Å have been obtained in images of many inorganic crystals. Although this resolution is sufficient to resolve interatomic spacings, interpretation generally requires comparison of experimental images with calculations. Since the images are two-dimensional representations of projections of the full three-dimensional structure, information is invariably lost in the overlapping images of atoms at various heights. The technique of electron crystallography, in which information from several views of a crystal is combined, has been developed to obtain three-dimensional information on proteins. The resolution in images of proteins is severely limited by effects of radiation damage. In principle, atomic-resolution, 3D reconstructions should be obtainable from specimens that are resistant to damage. The most serious problem would appear to be in obtaining high-resolution images from areas that are thin enough that dynamical scattering effects can be ignored.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010014395x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 480-481

Author(s):

W. E. Lee

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Benzoic Acid ◽

Optical Waveguides ◽

Total Internal Reflection ◽

Index Of Refraction ◽

Optical Measurements ◽

Lithium Ions ◽

Wide Channel ◽

Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

Light microscopy of ceramics

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010015037x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 908-909

Author(s):

Walter C. McCrone

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Light Microscope ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Refractive Indices ◽

Complete Coverage ◽

The Subject ◽

Lower Refractive Index

An excellent chapter on this subject by V.D. Fréchette appeared in a book edited by L.L. Hench and R.W. Gould in 1971 (1). That chapter with the references cited there provides a very complete coverage of the subject. I will add a more complete coverage of an important polarized light microscope (PLM) technique developed more recently (2). Dispersion staining is based on refractive index and its variation with wavelength (dispersion of index). A particle of, say almandite, a garnet, has refractive indices of nF = 1.789 nm, nD = 1.780 nm and nC = 1.775 nm. A Cargille refractive index liquid having nD = 1.780 nm will have nF = 1.810 and nC = 1.768 nm. Almandite grains will disappear in that liquid when observed with a beam of 589 nm light (D-line), but it will have a lower refractive index than that liquid with 486 nm light (F-line), and a higher index than that liquid with 656 nm light (C-line).

Dynamical Scattering in Electron Diffraction of wet Protein Crystals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600000167 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 42-43

Author(s):

B. B. Chang ◽

D. F. Parsons

Keyword(s):

Electron Diffraction ◽

Scattering Theory ◽

Protein Crystals ◽

Electron Diffraction Data ◽

Specimen Thickness ◽

Major Question ◽

X Ray ◽

Scattering Effects ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Acceleration Voltage

The significance of dynamical scattering effects remains the major question in the structural analysis by electron diffraction of protein crystals preserved in the hydrated state. In the few cases (single layers of purple membrane and 400-600 Å thick catalase crystals examined at 100 kV acceleration voltage) where electron-diffraction patterns were used quantitatively, dynamical scattering effects were considered unimportant on the basis of a comparison with x-ray intensities. The kinematical treatment is usually justified by the thinness of the crystal. A theoretical investigation by Ho et al. using Cowley-Moodie multislice formulation of dynamical scattering theory and cytochrome b5as the test object2 suggests that kinematical analysis of electron diffraction data with 100-keV electrons would not likely be valid for specimen thickness of 300 Å or more. We have chosen to work with electron diffraction patterns obtained from actual wet protein crystals (rat hemoglobin crystals of thickness range 1000 to 2500 Å) at 200 and 1000 kV and to analyze these for dynamical effects.

Broad-band heat reflector design using five-layer symmetrical periods from non-absorbing high- and low-refractive-index materials

Journal of Modern Optics ◽

10.1080/095003498152220 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 143-152

Author(s):

MILEN NENKOV TAMARA PENCHEVA

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Broad Band ◽

Low Refractive Index

A New Mounting Medium of High Refractive Index

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican02131886-8429csupp ◽

1886 ◽

Vol 21 (528supp) ◽

pp. 8429-8430

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

High Refractive Index

On the refractive index of rutile

IEE Proceedings J Optoelectronics ◽

10.1049/ip-j.1992.0029 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 139 (2) ◽

pp. 163 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M.R. Shenoy ◽

R.M. de la Rue

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index