Smart Polymers and their Applications: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gore S. A. ◽  
Gholve S. B. ◽  
Savalsure S. M. ◽  
Ghodake K. B. ◽  
Bhusnure O. G. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Smart Polymers ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Responsive Materials ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Stimuli Sensitive ◽  
External Stimuli

Smart polymers are materials that respond to small external stimuli. These are also referred as stimuli responsive materials or intelligent materials. Smart polymers that can exhibit stimuli-sensitive properties are becoming important in many commercial applications. These polymers can change shape, strength and pore size based on external factors such as temperature, pH and stress. The stimuli include salt, UV irradiation, temperature, pH, magnetic or electric field, ionic factors etc. Smart polymers are very promising applicants in drug delivery, tissue engineering, cell culture, gene carriers, textile engineering, oil recovery, radioactive wastage and protein purification. The study is focused on the entire features of smart polymers and their most recent and relevant applications. Water soluble polymers with tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) are of increasing interest for biological applications such as cell patterning, smart drug release, DNA sequencing etc.

Phase Separation of Carboxylated Poly-L-lysine

2014 ◽  
Vol 1622 ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
Esha Das ◽  
Kazuaki Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Responsive Materials ◽  
Solvation State ◽  
External Stimuli

ABSTRACTStimuli-responsive materials are capable of reversibly altering their properties depending on the environmental conditions or external stimuli. External stimuli typically include thermal, pH, electric fields, optical, magnetic fields, mechanical forces and chemical interactions. There are many instances in nature where responsive surfaces have been observed. Temperature is the most widely used stimulus in environmentally responsive polymer systems. The change of temperature is not only relatively easy to control, but also easily applicable both in vitro and in vivo. Temperature responsive polymers exhibit a phase transition at a certain temperature, which causes a sudden change in the solvation state. Polymers that become insoluble upon heating have a so-called lower critical solution temperature (LCST). One example of these polymers is poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide), which shows LCST at about 32 °C, close to the physiological temperature. In this study, we report the developing of novel polyampholytes which shows thermo-, salt-responsive liquid-liquid phase separation in aqueous solution.

Review of characterization methods for water-soluble polymers used in oil sand and heavy oil industrial applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oil Sand ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Terrestrial Animal

Water-soluble polymers have been used in many applications in the oil sand and heavy oil industries, including drilling, enhanced oil recovery, tailings treatment, and water treatment. Because they are water soluble, residual polymer can remain with the aqueous phase, potentially leading to environmental impacts. Investigating the environmental fate of these water-soluble polymers is particularly important as they may be toxic to aquatic biota or terrestrial animal life. However, since polymers are somewhat complex because of their high molecular weight, there are many challenges in their measurement, especially in complex matrices. In this paper, polymers used in oilfield applications, particularly in the oil sand or heavy oil industries, are reviewed and various analytical methods for polymer characterization are compared.

Flow of Hydrophobically Modified Water-Soluble-Polymer Solutions in Porous Media: New Experimental Insights in the Diluted Regime

SPE Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Dupuis ◽  
David Rousseau ◽  
René Tabary ◽  
Bruno Grassl
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Improved Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified

Summary The specific molecular structure of hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers (HMWSPs), also called hydrophobically associative polymers, gives them interesting thickening and surface-adsorption abilities compared with classical water-soluble polymers (WSPs), which could be useful in polymer-flooding and well-treatment operations. However, their strong adsorption obviously can impair their injectivity, and, conversely, the shear sensitivity of their gels can be detrimental to well treatments. Determining for which improved-oil-recovery (IOR) application HMWSPs are best suited, therefore, remains difficult. The aim of this work is to bring new insight regarding the interaction mechanisms between HMWSPs and rock matrix and the consequences concerning their propagation in reservoirs. A consistent set of HMWSPs with sulfonated polyacrylamide backbones and alkyl hydrophobic side chains together with an equivalent WSP was synthesized and fully characterized. HMWSP and WSP solutions were then injected in model granular packs. As expected, with HMWSPs, high resistance factors (or mobility reductions, Rm) were observed. Yet, within the limit of the injected volumes, the effluent showed the same viscosity and polymer concentration as the injected solutions. A first significant outcome concerns the specificities of the Rm curves during HMWSP injections. Rm increases took place in two steps. The first corresponded to the propagation of the viscous front, as observed with WSP, whereas the second was markedly delayed, occurring several pore volumes (PV) after the breakthrough. This result is not compatible with the classical picture of multilayer adsorption of HMWSPs but suggests that injectivity is controlled solely by the adsorption of minor polymeric species. This hypothesis was confirmed by reinjecting the collected effluents into fresh cores; no second-step Rm increases were observed. Brine injections in HMWSP-treated cores revealed high residual resistance factors (or irreversible permeability reductions, Rk), which can be attributed to the presence of thick polymer-adsorbed layers on the pore surface. Nevertheless, Rk values strongly decreased when increasing the brine-flow rate. This second significant outcome shows that the adsorbed-layer thickness is shear-controlled. These new results should lead to proposing new adapted filtration and injection procedures for HMWSPs, aimed, in particular, at improving their injectivity.

scholarly journals Molecularly engineered switchable photo-responsive membrane in gas separation for environmental protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishah Rosli ◽  
Siew Chun Low
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Gas Separation ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Responsive Materials ◽  
Separation Systems ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Responsive Membranes ◽  
External Stimuli

In recent years, stimuli-responsive materials have garnered interest due to their ability to change properties when exposed to external stimuli, making it useful for various applications including gas separation. Light is a very attractive trigger for responsive materials due to its speedy and non-invasive nature as well as the potential to reduce energy costs significantly. Even though light is deemed as an appealing stimulus for the development of stimuli-responsive materials, this avenue has yet to be extensively researched, as evidenced by the fewer works done on the photo-responsive membranes. Of these, there are even less research done on photo-responsive materials for the purpose of gas separation, thus, we have collected the examples that answer both these criteria in this review. This review covers the utilisation of photo-responsive materials specifically for gas separation purposes. Photo-chromic units, their integration into gas separation systems, mechanism and research that have been done on the topic so far are discussed.

Improving the Viscosity of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (PHPAM) Solution for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 874 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Ihsan Arifin ◽  
Grandprix Thomryes Marth Kadja ◽  
Cynthia L. Radiman
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Hydrolysis Method ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a promising technology for increasing crude oil production, especially from old wells. Polymer flooding is one of the techniques used in EOR in which the water-soluble polymer is added to increase the viscosity of the injected fluid. However, this technique has not been implemented in Indonesia due to the unavailability of locally-synthesized polymers. Therefore, this research aims to synthesize polyacrylamides and their partially-hydrolyzed derivatives and to study the possibility of their utilization for the EOR application. Various polymerization conditions using potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiators have been realized and the resulting polymers were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and rheology measurement. It was found that higher monomer concentration resulted in higher viscosity-average molecular weight of polyacrylamide. Further study revealed that the hydrolysis of polyacrylamide by alkaline solution significantly increased the viscosity of 1000 ppm solution from 1.5 to 145.40 cP at room temperature, which is comparable to one of the commercial products. These results showed that the simple synthesis and hydrolysis method could be effectively used to produce water-soluble polymers for the EOR application.

scholarly journals Temperature-Responsive Polymers for Biological Applications

2003 ◽  
Vol 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rackaitis ◽  
E. Manias
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Response ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Polymer Grafting ◽  
Grafted Polymers ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Responsive Polymers ◽  
Cloud Points

ABSTRACTWater soluble polymers with tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) are of increasing interest for biological applications such as cell patterning, smart drug release, DNA sequencing etc. The present study addresses control of the polymer temperature response in water by varying chemical composition of the monomer. In order to achieve this a series of polymers were designed and synthesized based on an ethyleneoxide/ethylene monomer (EO/EE). Polymers were synthesized using polycondensation reactions of difunctional m-EO and n-EE oligomers. The cloud point follows linearly the balance of hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction and can be tailored in the range of 7 – 70°C by varying the m/n composition and polymer type. Polymer grafting onto the silicon surface exhibits similar solubility behaviour. Adhesion energy measurements show that grafted polymers have solubility cloud points at the temperatures that are close to the ones of the bulk polymer solutions.

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