Technical note: an algebraic method for calculating fecal output from a pulse dose of an external marker1

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine if titanium dioxide (TiO2) dosed through an automated head chamber system (GreenFeed; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD USA) is an acceptable method to measure fecal output. The GreenFeed used on this experiment had a 2hopper bait dispensing system where hopper 1 contained alfalfa pellets marked with 1% titanium dioxide (TiO2) and hopper 2 contained unmarked alfalfa pellets. Eleven heifers (BW = 394 ± 18.7 kg) grazing a common pasture were stratified by BW and then randomized to either 1) dosed with TiO2-marked pellets by hand feeding (HFD; n = 6) or 2) dosed with TiO2-marked pellets by the GreenFeed (GFFD; n = 5) for 19 d. During the morning (0800), all heifers were offered a pelleted, high-CP supplement at 0.25% of BW in individual feeding stanchions. The HFD heifers also received 32 g of TiO2-marked pellets at morning feeding, whereas the GFFD heifers received 32 g of unmarked pellets. The GFFD heifers received a single aliquot (32 ± 1.6 g; mean ± SD) of marked pellets at their first visit to the GreenFeed each day with all subsequent 32-g aliquots providing unmarked pellets; HFD heifers received only unmarked pellets. Starting on d 15, fecal samples were collected via rectal grab at feeding and every 12 h for 5 d. A two-one sided t-test method was used to determine agreement and it was determined that the fecal output estimates by HFD and GFFD methods were similar (P = 0.04). There was a difference (P < 0.01; Bartlett’s test for homogenous variances) in variability between the dosing methods for HFD and GFFD (SD = 0.1 and 0.7, respectively). This difference in fecal output variability may have been due to variability of dosing times-of-day for the GFFD heifers (0615 ± 6.2 h) relative to the constant dosing time-of-day for HFD and constant 0800 and 2000 sampling times-of-day for all animals. This research has highlighted the potential for dosing cattle with an external marker through a GreenFeed configured with two (or more) feed hoppers because estimated fecal output means were similar; however, consideration of the increased variability of the fecal output estimates is needed for future experimental designs.

Download Full-text

Estimation of Fecal Output and Particulate Passage Rate with a Pulse Dose of Ytterbiumlabeled Forage

Journal of Range Management ◽

10.2307/3899266 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 180 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

L. J. Krysl ◽

F. T. McCollum ◽

M. L. Galyean

Keyword(s):

Passage Rate ◽

Fecal Output ◽

Pulse Dose

Download Full-text

Technical note: effectiveness of different methods of continuous marker administration for estimating fecal output

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/1991.69114611x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (11) ◽

pp. 4611-4616 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. D. Brandyberry ◽

R. C. Cochran ◽

E. S. Vanzant ◽

D. L. Harmon

Keyword(s):

Technical Note ◽

Fecal Output

Download Full-text

On technical note : Solving inventory models by algebraic method

Journal of Statistics and Management Systems ◽

10.1080/09720510.2021.1886733 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1533-1541

Author(s):

Cenk Çalışkan

Keyword(s):

Algebraic Method ◽

Technical Note ◽

Inventory Models

Download Full-text

A comparison of methods for estimating forage intake, digestibility, and fecal output in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Konagh Garrett ◽

Matt R Beck ◽

Kelly Froehlich ◽

Anita Fleming ◽

Bryan R Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Red Deer ◽

Plantago Lanceolata ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Fecal Output ◽

Pulse Dose ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Fresh Cut

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine appropriate methods for estimating fecal output, digestibility, and intake in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, and fecal output were estimated using the dual-marker (titanium dioxide; TiO2 and indigestible acid detergent fiber) technique, double n-alkane ratio technique (ALK) and the pulse dose (Yttrium; Y) technique to determine a suitable method to estimate DMI, fecal output, and digestibility measurements. Four male and four female deer were stratified by sex and randomly assigned either fresh-cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or fresh-cut plantain (Plantago lanceolata) ad libitum in a cross-over design experiment. Actual DMI (mean ± SD: 1.5 ± 0.36 kg DM/d), digestibility (0.70 ± 0.06), and fecal output (0.45 ± 0.1 kg DM/d) were measured daily over the collection periods, and the average of each period was used for methods’ comparison. The ALK method adequately estimated digestibility and fecal output of plantain; however, overestimated digestibility (P < 0.05) and DMI of ryegrass, so that there was no statistical agreement (P > 0.10) in DMI when diets were pooled. The overestimated DMI of the ryegrass diet led to ALK predicting greater intake when deer consumed ryegrass than plantain, which was the opposite of actual measurements. The pulse dosed Y overestimated (P < 0.05) fecal output and consequently DMI for both plantain and ryegrass, however, indicated similar trends to actual values. The dual-marker technique using TiO2 was able to detect the statistical differences between plantain and ryegrass as the actual measurements, had moderate to strong precision (r = 0.50 to 0.66) and statistical agreement (P < 0.05) with the pooled diet data. Therefore, the dual-marker technique provided the best alternative estimation method to actual measurements of forage DMI of grazing red deer.

Download Full-text

New AAC Access Strategy for Gesture Tracking: A Technical Note

Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication ◽

10.1044/aac21.1.11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 11-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susan Fager ◽

Tom Jakobs ◽

David Beukelman ◽

Tricia Ternus ◽

Haylee Schley

Keyword(s):

Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽

Technical Note ◽

Head Tracking ◽

Alternative Communication ◽

Access Methods ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Physical Limitations ◽

Gesture Tracking ◽

Communication Needs ◽

Tracking Device

Abstract This article summarizes the design and evaluation of a new augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interface strategy for people with complex communication needs and severe physical limitations. This strategy combines typing, gesture recognition, and word prediction to input text into AAC software using touchscreen or head movement tracking access methods. Eight individuals with movement limitations due to spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, polio, and Guillain Barre syndrome participated in the evaluation of the prototype technology using a head-tracking device. Fourteen typical individuals participated in the evaluation of the prototype using a touchscreen.

Download Full-text