scholarly journals Comparison of the Efficacy of Homemade and Industrially Made ANFO Explosives as an Improvised Explosive Device Charge 

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Lucia Figuli ◽  
Vladimir Kavicky ◽  
Stefan Jangl ◽  
Zuzana Zvakova
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Aluminium Powder ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

More than 95 % of all the terrorist attacks are carried out using the ANFO explosives. The ANFO explosives are explosives made from ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. They can be in three different variants (ammonium nitrate with oil, ammonium nitrate with oil and aluminium powder or ammonium nitrate with oil and TNT). This paper describes analysis of the field test results of ANFO explosives of different types. The efficacy of industrially made and the homemade ANFO explosives is compared and their possible usage in terrorist attacks for the treatment or the damage of critical infrastructure elements is described.

scholarly journals Blast Wave Characteristics and TNT Equivalent of Improvised Explosive Device at Small scaled Distances

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chiquito ◽  
Ricardo Castedo ◽  
Lina M. Lopez ◽  
Anastasio P. Santos ◽  
Juan M. Mancilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Front Velocity ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Phase Duration ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Wave Characteristics ◽  
Tnt Equivalent ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

A significant number of airblast test have been carried out with the purpose to characterise and analyse the properties of improvised explosive device (IED) with non-conventional explosives in terms of knowing the effects on people and/or structures. Small devices with 1.5 kg of explosive, initiated with a detonating cord have been studied. Seven different mixtures have been tested with two types of ammonium nitrate AN (technical and fertilizer) in different forms like prills or powder. In some cases, the ammonium nitrate has been mixed with fuel oil while in others, it has been mixed with aluminum. The TNT equivalent based on pressure, impulse, arrival time, positive phase duration and shock front velocity have been calculated and analysed for each mixture. Comparing the field test data obtained with respect to the representation of the UFC 3-340-02 values, it can be seen that the parameters measured are consistent. The IEDs with fertilizer ammonium nitrate do not detonate with the present charge conditions so the shockwave generated is only due to the detonating cord. When using the technical ammonium nitrate, ANFO can partially detonate and generate a potentially dangerous shockwave. Finally, the IED with AN and aluminum produces a TNT equivalent close to one when the technical AN is used.

Application of Recyclable Materials for an Increase in Building Safety against the Explosion of an Improvised Explosive Device

2014 ◽  
Vol 1001 ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Figuli ◽  
Martin Magura ◽  
Vladimir Kavický ◽  
Štefan Jangl
Keyword(s):  
Blast Wave ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Building Safety ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

With the increase of terrorist attacks it is necessary to explore the option of increasing the strength of structures against the blast wave resulted from explosion of an improvised explosive device. In our research we have focused on recyclable materials that could provide such protection and their comparison with other known materials. We present a FEM analysis of a wall strengthened with different type of materials. In conclusion we show the economical and ecological comparison of used materials.

Benefit of Distributed Security Queuing for Reducing Risks Associated With Improvised Explosive Device Attacks in Airport Terminals

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Grant ◽  
Mark G. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Suicide Bombers ◽  
Distributed Security ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Airport Terminals ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improvised Explosive

Brussels Airport ceased operations for 12 days after a coordinated improvised explosive device (IED) attack by suicide bombers in March 2016, demonstrating that critical transport hubs can be disrupted for significant durations by terrorists. Designers of critical infrastructure need to consider countermeasures to such attacks, reducing a target's attractiveness and improving opportunities for business continuity. This can be achieved by considering the cost–benefit of potential countermeasures during the design phase for infrastructure. This paper uses a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) model for IED attack to assess the costs and benefits of using distributed security queuing at airport terminals. Our results demonstrate that the use of distributed security queuing will offer casualty reductions when used in preference to centralized security queuing. However, when considering the cost–benefit of introducing distributed security queuing, on the basis of a single small to medium IED attack, it is likely that implementing this countermeasure would not be deemed cost-effective from a purely financial perspective, particularly when the threat likelihood is very low.

Developing the Second Generation of Improvised Explosive Device Detector Dog

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Dorman ◽  
Barbara Sherman ◽  
Margaret Gruen ◽  
Richard Fish ◽  
Melanie L. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

scholarly journals (A20) Injury Pattern and Disaster Plan for Landmines and Improvised Explosive Device Blast

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s6-s6
Author(s):  
S.K. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Disaster Plan ◽  
Emergency Department Care ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Pattern Of Injury ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

Landmines and improvised explosive device (IED) explosions induce bodily injuries through the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary mechanisms of blast among civilians, mostly children which results in a complicated, multidimensional injury pattern. If > 80 percent of countries can ensure the security of their borders without using anti-personnel mines, surely India can too. A change in mindset and a change in defense doctrine are needed, as well as an UN-backed world body campaigning against the use of landmines to urge the Indian government to sign a global treaty to ban the weapons. An estimated four to five million anti-personnel mines exist in India, which is the sixth-largest stockpile in the world. Non-state armed groups in the central, southern, northern, and northeastern regions frequently have used anti-personnel mines and improvised explosive devices to target convoys of soldiers and civilians. Using historical, current research and related literature reviews, this study provides description about the types of explosion, the device, pattern of injury, prehospital and emergency department care, and challenges for the disaster plan. Hand amputation is the most common type of upper limb amputation (more common among the 7–18-year age group) and below-knee amputation is the most common type of lower limb amputation. Using these data, a focused disaster response for future attacks has been created. It includes the planning, monitoring, and coordination of all aspects by hospitals and the regional disaster system's plan—“upside-down” triage—the most severely injured arrive after the less injured, which bypass emergency medical services (EMS) and go directly to the nearest hospitals. Details about the nature of the explosion, potential toxic exposures and environmental hazards, and casualty location from police, fire, EMS, health department, and reliable news sources must be recorded.

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