PEREMPUAN DALAM JERAT TERORISME: ANALISIS MOTIVASI PELAKU BOM BUNUH DIRI DI INDONESIA

Recent acts of terrorism have experienced a shift in perpetrators. If all this time women were only behind the scenes, now they have started to show themselves as main actors such as weapons providers, bomb builders and even suicide bombers. The women involved as perpetrators are actually victims of the snares of terrorism. This paper aims to analyze what are the motivations behind women who are entangled in the vortex of terrorism so that they are willing to become suicide bombers. The results of the study found at least six factors that caused women to be willing to become combatants, namely the occurrence of jihad indoctrination deviations, the lure of going to heaven, married by terrorist, discriminated feeling, frustrated feeling so that suicide bombing is a shortcut to repentance and revenge for being victims of sexual harassment.Key word: women, terrorism, suicide bombing

Suicide Bomb Attack Identification and Analytics through Data Mining Techniques

Suicide bomb attacks are a high priority concern nowadays for every country in the world. They are a massively destructive criminal activity known as terrorism where one explodes a bomb attached to himself or herself, usually in a public place, taking the lives of many. Terrorist activity in different regions of the world depends and varies according to geopolitical situations and significant regional factors. There has been no significant work performed previously by utilizing the Pakistani suicide attack dataset and no data mining-based solutions have been given related to suicide attacks. This paper aims to contribute to the counterterrorism initiative for the safety of this world against suicide bomb attacks by extracting hidden patterns from suicidal bombing attack data. In order to analyze the psychology of suicide bombers and find a correlation between suicide attacks and the prediction of the next possible venue for terrorist activities, visualization analysis is performed and data mining techniques of classification, clustering and association rule mining are incorporated. For classification, Naïve Bayes, ID3 and J48 algorithms are applied on distinctive selected attributes. The results exhibited by classification show high accuracy against all three algorithms applied, i.e., 73.2%, 73.8% and 75.4%. We adapt the K-means algorithm to perform clustering and, consequently, the risk of blast intensity is identified in a particular location. Frequent patterns are also obtained through the Apriori algorithm for the association rule to extract the factors involved in suicide attacks.

Salience identity of women in terrorism

Recently the involvement of women in terrorism has increased through their various roles, from facilitators, recruiters, nurses, couriers to suicide bombers and frontline fighters in acts of terrorism. Even though jihad limit the involvement of women in action, the rising of ISIS in 2014 has increased their involvement in terrorism as jihadists. Women are given various passive and active roles such as being the perpetrators of suicide bombers. Violent behavior by women is said to be a deviation because of gender stereotypes that exist in society and shift the view that women are victims. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study to describe the identity and role that women have in terrorism. Furthermore, this study used a theoretical analysis of Sheldon Stryker's Identity Theory (1980) with the salience identity to find out how to counter women involvement in terrorism in profiling practice to decide the methods to hadling it. The results of the study showed that the salience identity of women is still not considered as the main character in terrorism so that women are often considered as victims.The involvement of women in the role is marked by the roles they carry that affect their social behavior according to the role they play as terrorists. There are various identities of women that will have an impact on policies to deal with terrorism aimed at women, they must look at the roles and identities they have in accordance with the proportions of their salience identities.

Psychology of Terrorism: Intimidation by Destroying One’s Own Life in the Donetsk Basin

The article presents the psychological genesis of terrorism in eastern Ukraine, referred to as the Donetsk Basin, during the Soviet era, which resulted from prioritising coal over the lives of Ukrainians affected by famine, executions, evictions and repression imposed by Russians. The replacement of the ethnic composition of the population by people from Russia led to the formation of a group of colonisers of Ukraine. This required creating an atmosphere of constant tension, fear and criminalised violence. As a consequence, the Donetsk Basin has become a favourable environment for Russians and their supporters, who were potentially prone to terrorist acts, and the most dangerous category of such persons — suicide bombers. The paper describes the emergence of a wave theory concerning terrorism in Europe, radical movements in Ireland, Macedonia, Serbia, Italy and Spain, as well as the current state of terrorism in Italy, Germany, Japan and many other countries. It covers the first terrorist act of Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine near the village of Kamyanka, in the Donetsk region, where a checkpoint of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was attacked by a suicide bomber using a minibus loaded with explosives. It was also a place where other similar terrorist acts took place and the manifesto of Australian terrorist Brenton Tarrant was distributed in the centre of Ukraine by a terrorist group from the Russian Federation in order to involve prone persons in subversive activities on racial and religious grounds. The study was created using a nonparametric typology, based on the analysis of at least two parameters: the nuclei of vulnerabilities (targets of influence) and the features of intrapsychic formations arising under their influence. This allowed identifying five psychotypes of potential suicide bombers: of a person who has lost emotional connection with the outside world; of a fanatic of faith, associated with the activation of ‘mortido’ — the desire for death; of a fanatic of an idea, which considers the cessation of life as a spiritual transformation, and martyrdom as an integral element of the spiritual path; of a potential suicide bomber associated with extreme manifestations of protest behaviour; persons with psychopathic changes in personality structure. The paper establishes the prevalence of these psychotypes and comparative possibilities of influencing each of them.

Out of the Shadows: The Women Countering Insurgency in Nigeria

Moving beyond the focus on violence against women and violence committed by women, this article interrogates violence countered by women. The article sheds new light on the gendered practices of counterinsurgency in northeast Nigeria, with critical attention to why women joined the civilian resistance to the Boko Haram insurgency and their complex role and agency as local security providers. Using the voices and lifeworlds of women who joined the Civilian Joint Task Force (yan gora) in Borno State as well as the Vigilante Group Nigeria and Hunters Association (kungiya marhaba) in Adamawa State, the article underscores the layered and gender-bending role of women as frontline fighters, knowledge brokers, state informants, and producers of vigilante technologies. The article finds that women counterinsurgents mobilized after Boko Haram shifted its strategy toward using female insurgents, especially as suicide bombers. Women joined the war against Boko Haram for complex reasons, including personal loss, revenge, family ties, community attachment, patriotism, and a collective yearning for normalcy.

Ulama and Radicalism in Contemporary Indonesia: Response of Al Washliyah’s Ulama on Radicalism

Al Washliyah is a moderate Islamic organization in Indonesia. Ulama (Islamic scholars) have obtained honorable and strategic positions in Al Washliyah organization. As an elite group in Al Washliyah organization, the ulama have responded to socio-religious problems in Indonesia, including issues of radicalism and terrorism. Their responses to these problems should be understood as they reflect and become one of the foundations in counteracting radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. This article examines the responses of Al Washliyah’s ulama against radicalism and terrorism. It is mainly written to get an insight into the ulama’s responses towards the four issues indoctrinated by the radical and terrorist groups such as the Islamic State, jihādī, takfirī, and suicide bombers. This research highlights that Al Washliyah ulama give different interpretations of those four doctrines. Al Washliyah ulama prioritize moderation in religion and firmly reject radicalism and terrorism in actions or ideas.Abstrak:Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah merupakan sebuah organisasi Islam moderat di Indonesia. Para ulama sejauh ini mendapatkan kedudukan terhormat dan strategis dalam organisasi ini.. Para ulama sebagai kelompok elit dalam organisasi Al Washliyah memberikan respons terhadap persoalan sosial keagamaan di Indonesia, termasuk masalah radikalisme dan terorisme. Respons mereka terhadap masalah ini perlu diketahui dan menjadi salah satu landasan bagi upaya menangkal paham dan gerakan radikalisme dan terorisme di Indonesia. Artikel ini mengkaji respons para ulama Al Washliyah terhadap radikalisme dan terorisme. Kajian artikel ini difokuskan pada respons mereka terhadap empat isu yang menjadi doktrin kelompok-kelompok radikalis dan teroris yakni negara Islam, jihād, takfir, dan bom bunuh diri. Artikel ini mengajukan temuan bahwa para ulama Al Washliyah yang menjadi informan terpilih memberikan interpretasi yang berbeda mengenai keempat isu tersebut. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa ulama Al Washliyah mengedepankan moderasi dalam kehidupan beragama dan berbangsa, dan secara tegas mereka menolak paham dan gerakan radikalisme dan terorisme.

Female Combatants in African Wars and Conflicts

In most Russian and international studies, including African ones, their authors portray African women that reside in areas affected by civil wars and conflicts as victims of violence, robbery, forced labor, etc. At the same time, it is rarely taken into account that in most national liberation movements and rebel groups the number of women fighters constituted and still constitutes 10-30% of their rank and file. Moreover, many women became field commanders, chiefs of intelligence, or were responsible for the supply of weapons and ammunition. The present authors provide a new interpretation of the participation and role of women in the confrontation between armed anti-government factions and the central government. It is noted that in recent decades, not only in Africa, but also in other parts of the world, the trend towards “feminization of the militarization process” has become extremely noticeable. Many women, along with men, participate in acts of violence, including against the civilian population, and thus contribute to the destabilization of the internal political situation. Women most actively participated in hostilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Eritrea and Ethiopia. The present paper looks into reasons and consequences of women’s involvement in insurgencies. It is pointed out that while during the years of the national liberation struggle women were motivated by the overarching goal of achieving independence, in later conflicts many of them fought to expand their political and economic rights and opportunities, i.e., to achieve gender equality. In addition to joining “armed groups” for ideological reasons, women tried to prove that they were “no worse than men”; others joined the ranks of the insurgents to protect themselves and other women from violence or death, i.e., they followed a kind of “survival strategy”. Particular attention is paid to suicide bombers, who have been increasingly used by the Islamist organization Boko Haram in recent years. The authors also consider the conditions in which demobilized women-combatants find themselves. The authors conclude that as the level of women’s involvement in African conflicts is constantly growing, it ceases to be an anomaly and to some extent reflects the “successes” achieved by the “fair sex” in the struggle for equality, although the negative consequences of this participation prevail over the positive ones.

Escaping Atonement in Sunni Islam: Death by Jihad for Deliverance

In the Islamic hadith corpus and Quran, the way to atone for sins is called tawba (or tawbah), which requires one to complete a series of steps to receive forgiveness from Allah (God). Jihadist terrorist organizations use primarily Quranic scripture to recruit and employ suicide bombers who may have a guilty conscience for their past sins. It is said that martyrdom, or istishadi, will automatically save Muslims from hell and grant access to paradise no matter the sin committed. One of the understudied reasons for istishadi suicide bombings in jihadist groups is the concept of atonement. This article answers the following research questions: What role does guilt in Islam play in the motivations for male and female Sunni jihadist suicide bombers, and why is tawba not utilized?

Shaheed Practice in Islam and Shaheedism in the Contemporary World

Due to the lack of rational understanding, the religious phenomena shaheed, shaheed practice, shaheedism still remain mysterious. They are often used by radical Islamists and agents of interna-tional terrorism as religious justification for murderous attacks carried out by suicide bombers. In the article, the essence of shaheed practice is derived from the fact that a Muslim becomes a shaheed in order to exchange his earthly life for eternal existence on the path of jihad as a means of strengthen-ing faith in the One Allah in himself and in other people. At the same time, it is important that only the Muslim who, under specific conditions, by objective necessity, is ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of his faith, can claim the status of a martyr. Death in pursuit of worldly blessings or sui-cide as an arbitrary act that corrects the predetermined individual destiny of a person and is a crimi-nal refusal to obey the will of the Almighty, does not turn the one, who left the earthly world, into a shaheed of Islam. The author also denies the identity of Islamic shaheed practice with shaheedism as its transformed form. Such identification is a result of a deliberate transformation of a religious phe-nomenon into a means of solving current military-political problems and a manifestation of the ide-ology of justifying terrorism and the suicidal behavior of individual believers.