Prediction of Potential Mutation of Chicken Coronavirus into Future Human Coronavirus Based on Spike S1 Glycoprotein Gene

UNSTRUCTURED The seasonality of influenza viruses and endemic human coronaviruses was tracked over an 8-year period to assess key epidemiologic reduction points in disease incidence for an urban area in the northeast United States. Patients admitted to a pediatric hospital with worsening respiratory symptoms were tested using a multiplex PCR assay from nasopharyngeal swabs. The additive seasonal effects of outdoor temperatures and indoor relative humidity (RH) were evaluated. The 8-year average peak activity of human coronaviruses occurred in the first week of January, when droplet and contact transmission was enabled by the low indoor RH of 20-30%. Previous studies have shown that an increase in RH to 50% has been associated with markedly reduced viability and transmission of influenza virus and animal coronaviruses. As disease incidence was reduced by 50% in early March, to 75% in early April, to greater than 99% at the end of April, a relationship was observed from colder temperatures in January with a low indoor RH to a gradual increase in outdoor temperatures in April with an indoor RH of 45-50%. As a lipid-bound, enveloped virus with similar size characteristics to endemic human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 should be subject to the same dynamics of reduced viability and transmission with increased humidity. In addition to the major role of social distancing, the transition from lower to higher indoor RH with increasing outdoor temperatures could have an additive effect on the decrease in SARS-CoV-2 cases in May. Over the 8-year period of this study, human coronavirus activity was either zero or >99% reduction in the months of June through September, and the implication would be that SARS-Cov-2 may follow a similar pattern. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.20103416

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Rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Gene sequence and regulation by glucocorticoids in transfected L-cells.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89278-x ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 260 (7) ◽

pp. 4397-4403

Author(s):

R Reinke ◽

P Feigelson

Keyword(s):

Gene Sequence ◽

Acid Glycoprotein ◽

Glycoprotein Gene ◽

L Cells

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Transcriptional regulation of rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene by phenobarbital.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)46964-5 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 269 (44) ◽

pp. 27175-27178

Author(s):

T Fournier ◽

N Mejdoubi ◽

C Lapoumeroulie ◽

J Hamelin ◽

J Elion ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcriptional Regulation ◽

Acid Glycoprotein ◽

Glycoprotein Gene

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High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 523

Author(s):

Marianne Lebbad ◽

Jadwiga Winiecka-Krusnell ◽

Christen Rune Stensvold ◽

Jessica Beser

Keyword(s):

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Ribosomal Rna ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Small Subunit ◽

Cryptosporidium Species ◽

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Genotype I ◽

Glycoprotein Gene ◽

High Diversity

The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples were collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from 12 regional clinical microbiology laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was achieved using small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein gene analysis. Samples were available for 398 patients, of whom 250 (63%) and 138 (35%) had acquired the infection in Sweden and abroad, respectively. Species identification was successful for 95% (379/398) of the samples, revealing 12 species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 299), C. hominis (n = 49), C. meleagridis (n = 8), C. cuniculus (n = 5), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (n = 5), C. felis (n = 4), C. erinacei (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. suis, C. viatorum, C. ditrichi, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype. One patient was co-infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. Subtyping was successful for all species/genotypes, except for C. ditrichi, and revealed large diversity, with 29 subtype families (including 4 novel ones: C. parvum IIr, IIs, IIt, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype VIc) and 81 different subtypes. The most common subtype families were IIa (n = 164) and IId (n = 118) for C. parvum and Ib (n = 26) and Ia (n = 12) for C. hominis. Infections caused by the zoonotic C. parvum subtype families IIa and IId dominated both in patients infected in Sweden and abroad, while most C. hominis cases were travel-related. Infections caused by non-hominis and non-parvum species were quite common (8%) and equally represented in cases infected in Sweden and abroad.

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Virus-Negative Myopericarditis in Human Coronavirus Infection

Circulation Heart Failure ◽

10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007636 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Franca del Nonno ◽

Andrea Frustaci ◽

Romina Verardo ◽

Cristina Chimenti ◽

Emanuele Nicastri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Coronavirus ◽

Coronavirus Infection

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Tracing the origins of SARS-COV-2 in coronavirus phylogenies: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters ◽

10.1007/s10311-020-01151-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 769-785 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erwan Sallard ◽

José Halloy ◽

Didier Casane ◽

Etienne Decroly ◽

Jacques van Helden

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Structure Function ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Laboratory Strain ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Scientific Policy ◽

Human Coronavirus ◽

Viral Dissemination ◽

Link Type ◽

Intensive Breeding

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is a new human coronavirus (CoV), which emerged in China in late 2019 and is responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic that caused more than 97 million infections and 2 million deaths in 12 months. Understanding the origin of this virus is an important issue, and it is necessary to determine the mechanisms of viral dissemination in order to contain future epidemics. Based on phylogenetic inferences, sequence analysis and structure–function relationships of coronavirus proteins, informed by the knowledge currently available on the virus, we discuss the different scenarios on the origin—natural or synthetic—of the virus. The data currently available are not sufficient to firmly assert whether SARS-CoV2 results from a zoonotic emergence or from an accidental escape of a laboratory strain. This question needs to be solved because it has important consequences on the risk/benefit balance of our interactions with ecosystems, on intensive breeding of wild and domestic animals, on some laboratory practices and on scientific policy and biosafety regulations. Regardless of COVID-19 origin, studying the evolution of the molecular mechanisms involved in the emergence of pandemic viruses is essential to develop therapeutic and vaccine strategies and to prevent future zoonoses. This article is a translation and update of a French article published in Médecine/Sciences, August/September 2020 (10.1051/medsci/2020123).

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