Differential growth of bowel commensal Bacteroides species on plant xylans of differing structural complexity

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd Alterations to the composition of the bowel microbiota (dysbioses) are associated with particular diseases and conditions of humans. There is a need to discover new, indigestible polysaccharides which are selective growth substrates for commensal bowel bacteria. These substrates (prebiotics) could be added to food in intervention studies to correct bowel dysbiosis. A collection of commensal bacteria was screened for growth in culture using a highly-branched xylan produced by New Zealand flax. Two, Bacteroides ovatus ATCC 8483 and Bacteroides xylanisolvens DSM 18836 grew well on this substrate. The utilisation of the xylan was studied chromatographically and by constituent sugar analysis. The two closely related species utilised the xylan in different ways, and differently from their use of wheat arabinoxylan. The growth of Bacteroides species on other plant xylans having differing chemical structures was also investigated. Novel xylans expand the choice of potential prebiotics that could be used to correct bowel dysbioses.

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The comparison of closely related groups of rodents by DNA/DNA annealing

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672300011733 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 117-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anne McLaren ◽

P. M. B. Walker

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Inbred Strain ◽

Related Species ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

L Cell ◽

Hydroxyapatite Column

Within the genus Apodemus, DNA from A. sylvaticus and A. flavicollis could be distinguished on the basis of reciprocal DNA/DNA annealing in agar, even when unfractionated DNA was used. In preliminary experiments, DNA from geographical races of A. sylvaticus could not be distinguished, nor could DNA from two closely related species of Peromyscus.Within the species Mus musvulus, the fast-renaturing fraction of L-cell DNA, separated on a hydroxyapatite column, was able to discriminate between L-cell (originating from the C3H inbred strain) and NZB (New Zealand Black) inbred strain DNA in agar.

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New brittle-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from New Zealand waters

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.352.1.1 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 352 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

DONALD G. MCKNIGHT

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

New Zealand ◽

Related Species ◽

New Genus ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Brittle Stars

Thirteen new species of brittle-stars (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) and one new genus are described from the New Zealand region. These include: Ophiacanthidae (Ophiolebes); Ophiomyxidae (Ophiolycus, Renetheo n. gen.); and Ophiuridae (Amphiophiura, Ophiocten, Ophiophycis, Ophiura (Dictenophiura), Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha), Ophiomidas, and Ophiophyllum). Keys are provided to the described species of Ophiophycis and 4 closely related species of Amphiophiura occurring around New Zealand.

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Differential growth of bowel commensal Bacteroides species on plant xylans of differing structural complexity

Carbohydrate Polymers ◽

10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 157 ◽

pp. 1374-1382 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Manuela Centanni ◽

Jennifer C. Hutchison ◽

Susan M. Carnachan ◽

Alison M. Daines ◽

William J. Kelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Complexity ◽

Differential Growth ◽

Bacteroides Species

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Modelling immunocontraception in disseminating systems

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/r96068 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

N. D. Barlow

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Population Density ◽

Related Species ◽

Breeding Population ◽

Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽

Wild Type ◽

Target Species ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Novel Technology ◽

High Prevalence

Vectored immunocontraception is a novel technology and simple models are described to help predict whether, and how, it might work. That is, given that an effective immunocontraceptive agent can be produced, and given that it can be inserted into a microparasitic or macroparasitic infective vector, would the vector persist and reach a high prevalence in the host and, if so, would it sterilize a sufficient proportion of the host breeding population to significantly reduce its density? Both conditions are necessary for success. The first question is an epidemiological one, relating solely to disseminating systems and differing according to whether the vector itself is newly introduced or pre-existing. If it is newly introduced, the assumption is that it is present in some other geographical areas occupied by the same target species, or is found in closely-related species. If the vector already exists in the population, the issue is one of competition between the engineered and wild-type vectors. The second question is an ecological one, common to both non-disseminating and disseminating systems. Whatever level of sterilization the immunocontraception provides must translate into a significant reduction in population density, having regard to the nature and extent of compensatory, density-dependence mechanisms in the population. These two questions, together with other more minor issues, are addressed in turn with particular reference to models for immunocontraception of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)in New Zealand.

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Contrasting Strategies of Provisioning and Chick Growth in two Sympatrically Breeding Albatrosses at Campbell Island, New Zealand

The Condor ◽

10.1093/condor/102.4.804 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 804-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Susan M. Waugh ◽

Henri Weimerskirch ◽

Yyes Cherel ◽

Peter A. Prince

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Related Species ◽

Satellite Tracking ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Feeding Frequency ◽

Chick Growth ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Provisioning Rate ◽

Provisioning Strategies ◽

Campbell Island

Abstract The provisioning strategies of two closely related species of albatross breeding sympatrically were studied at Campbell Island, New Zealand. Black-browed Albatrosses (Diomedea melanophrys) had a higher provisioning rate of chicks than Grey-headed Albatrosses (D. chrysostoma) as a result of a higher feeding frequency. Provisioning and satellite-tracking data suggest that Black-browed Albatrosses forage over neritic waters in trips of up to 5 days, in combination with longer trips over oceanic waters. In contrast, it was not possible to separate clearly short and long trips in Grey-headed Albatrosses, but they probably forage mostly over oceanic waters, combined with rafting or feeding near the colony during stays of short duration at sea. No inter-annual differences in foraging trip duration were apparent between years for either species. Chicks were fed larger meals at older ages and when in poorer condition, probably due to a limitation on the rate of assimilation of food. For both species, chick condition after feeding did not influence the duration of foraging trips. Black-browed Albatrosses from Campbell Island feed locally in neritic waters and up to 2,000 km from the colony, in contrast to conspecifics from other sites which feed principally over neritic waters. Grey-headed Albatrosses were largely dependent on oceanic resources as for conspecifics studied elsewhere. This study shows that foraging and provisioning strategies are flexible within species, allowing them to exploit more or less distant resources.

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Viability and fertility of hybrid New Zealand tree wētā Hemideina spp. (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

Journal of Orthoptera Research ◽

10.3897/jor.27.14963 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 97-106

Author(s):

Natasha E. Mckean ◽

Steven A. Trewick ◽

Melissa J. Griffin ◽

Eddy J. Dowle ◽

Mary Morgan-Richards

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Mating Behavior ◽

Related Species ◽

Juvenile Stage ◽

Natural Hybridization ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Haldane's Rule ◽

In Captivity ◽

Late Instar ◽

Tree Weta

Natural hybridization between species provides an opportunity to study the mechanisms that maintain independent lineages and may help us understand the process of speciation. The New Zealand tree wētā speciesHemideinathoracicaproduces F1hybrids where it lives in sympatry with two closely related species:HemideinacrassidensandHemideinatrewicki. This study looked at the viability and fertility of F1hybrid wētā betweenH.thoracicaandH.crassidensthat were collected from the wild and kept in captivity. The hybrids appeared to have normal viability from the late juvenile stage, with all male wētā maturing at a late instar. Male F1hybrids displayed normal mating behavior and one male produced offspring in captivity. In contrast to Haldane’s rule, female F1hybrids appeared to be infertile; they refused to mate and did not produce eggs. No evidence ofWolbachiainfection was identified in any of the three North IslandHemideinaspecies.

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