How to Deliver Smart Heritage within Local Government: Defining Smart Heritage and Smart Heritage Principles

10.26686/wgtn.16915693 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

David Batchelor

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Case Studies ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Smart City ◽

Local Governments ◽

City Council ◽

Academic Literature ◽

Heritage Discourse ◽

The City

Local governments are innovatively applying smart city technology to resolve challenges in their jurisdictions. These challenges commonly relate to environmental sustainability, infrastructure, and transportation, and result in novel discourses within local government strategies and operations, such as Smart Environment, Smart Infrastructure, and Smart Mobility. Driven by the success of these discourses, local governments seek further solutions through converging the smart city technology with other disciplines. The next likely convergence is with the heritage discipline, subsequently producing the Smart Heritage discourse. Academic literature records that Smart Heritage is an emergent yet unformed discourse that is on the verge of application within local government. Smart Heritage presents opportunities to converge historical narratives with the automated and autonomous capabilities of smart technology. However, due to its novelty, the local government sector has no guidance on delivering Smart Heritage within strategies and operations. Therefore, this thesis comprehensively explores and defines the Smart Heritage discourse and addresses Smart Heritage's delivery within local government strategies and operations. The original contributions to knowledge in this thesis are the first thorough definition of Smart Heritage in academic literature and the production of Smart Heritage Principles, which direct the delivery of Smart Heritage within local government. This thesis firstly defines Smart Heritage through an investigation into the nascent patchwork of academic literature at the intersection of the smart city and heritage disciplines. This definition establishes the discursive framework for the subsequent inquiry into how to deliver Smart Heritage in local government organisations. In this inquiry, the researcher conducts three case studies on local governments in Australia: Broken Hill City Council, the City of Melbourne, and the City of Newcastle. In each case study, the researcher analyses strategic smart city and heritage documents and then interviews their smart city and heritage advisors regarding strategic and operational convergences between the disciplines. The researcher then synthesises the resulting data into cross-case key considerations that contextualise a base understanding of how local governments deliver Smart Heritage. Using this understanding, the researcher conducts a second round of interviews and synthesis that, in turn, produces the refined Smart Heritage Principles. The researcher validates the principles’ relevancy and applicability through an additional case study with Wellington City Council in New Zealand. The research finds that Smart Heritage in the academic literature is nascent yet organically forming around a shared discourse between the smart city and heritage disciplines. As a result, there are numerous understandings of Smart Heritage. Nevertheless, these understandings agree that Smart Heritage convergences historical contextual narratives with automatic and autonomous technologies and advances from the passive Digital Heritage discourse. The case studies find that there is a foundation for Smart Heritage within local government through strategic documents that share similar focuses and advisors who seek multi-disciplinary convergences. However, the disciplines’ overlapping is not explicitly recognised in strategic documents and operational models, leading to inadequate financial and staff resourcing of Smart Heritage and inefficient cross-disciplinary initiatives in local government. The research identifies four thematic key considerations that address delivering Smart Heritage within local government; recognition, delivery, resourcing, and innovation; and proposes four Smart Heritage Principles for local governments to follow in order to deliver the discourse. The researcher presents the principles in an industry-ready document at the end of the thesis. The implications of this research are the increased visibility of Smart Heritage as an academic discourse and support for the delivery of Smart Heritage within local government strategies and operations. Smart Heritage becomes more visible as this research solidifies then illuminates a discursive pathway that researchers can engage with. Importantly, this research presents evidence that Smart Heritage is extant within academic literature and local governments, supporting its position as a constructive academic and practical discourse. The Smart Heritage Principles support the delivery of Smart Heritage within local government strategies and operations through the applied guidance they offer the organisations. As the industry-ready document is the first publication with this focus, the influence on the delivery of Smart Heritage is significant. The researcher aspires to share the Smart Heritage Principles document beyond this research context through its distribution to other councils globally.

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Public Reveal: Finding a place for Civic Architecture in the Contemporary City.

10.26686/wgtn.16961254 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Amber Venter

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

City Council ◽

Political Life ◽

Civic Architecture ◽

Design Case ◽

Design Case Study ◽

Design Proposal ◽

The City

This research is an architectural enquiry into how the visibility of local government can mimic the performance of everyday political life. Using the conceptual framework of place and understanding of the collective community. The intention of this design proposal is to encourage the transparency of local authority through an architectural intervention in the city. The driver of this research is the reduced physical presence of civic practices, with particular regard to the congregating place of local government. A framework is developed as a precursor to develop an understanding of the traditional civic architype. The aim is to reimagine a contemporary civic architecture which is detached from the corporate functions of local government. Architecture supports the celebration of collective rituals of movement and meeting. An archetype investigation formalises a set design criteria by which the design case study is evaluated against. The background research comprises a critique of the spatial arrangement of the traditional town hall. An additional background task is consisted of a comparative inquiry into today’s local government accommodation. The site is located in Tamaki Makaurau/Auckland City. The site analysis criteria utilised by this thesis is grounded in the research of Jan Gehl and his understanding of architectures impact on peoples’ behaviour in cities. Finally the design case study is driven by dynamic circulation, which establishes a celebration of the formal and informal interactions between the participants of local government. Transparency and hierarchy are used to challenge the spatial and functional qualities of Auckland City Council. The result of the research will contribute to the inclusive understanding of the ordinary rituals of local government through architecture in the city.

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Dual Legitimacy in the Development of the Network City - A Case Study of Kaohsiung City Council

Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government ◽

10.4335/12.3.591-621(2014) ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 591-621 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Da-Chi Liao ◽

Hsin-Che Wu ◽

Chen-Hsun Li

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Local Governance ◽

Executive Branch ◽

City Council ◽

Dual Systems ◽

City Network ◽

The City ◽

Kaohsiung City

This paper discusses the theoretical rheology of local governance from the bureaucratic system to the network city and explores whether and how such a city network can be developed in a dual local government system. This paper suggests that, in dual systems, councilors are nodes which extend their networks, and councilors together can construct a more comprehensive network than a city executive branch alone does, so as to remedy the executive branch’s deficiencies concerning city affairs. This paper chooses Kaohsiung city council as its case study and provides evidence that the network developed by city council and councilors covers many city affairs which are ignored by the city executive branch. This result also implies that the network city may be better feasible in a dual local government system than in a unitary one.

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Public Reveal: Finding a place for Civic Architecture in the Contemporary City.

10.26686/wgtn.16961254.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Amber Venter

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

City Council ◽

Political Life ◽

Civic Architecture ◽

Design Case ◽

Design Case Study ◽

Design Proposal ◽

The City

This research is an architectural enquiry into how the visibility of local government can mimic the performance of everyday political life. Using the conceptual framework of place and understanding of the collective community. The intention of this design proposal is to encourage the transparency of local authority through an architectural intervention in the city. The driver of this research is the reduced physical presence of civic practices, with particular regard to the congregating place of local government. A framework is developed as a precursor to develop an understanding of the traditional civic architype. The aim is to reimagine a contemporary civic architecture which is detached from the corporate functions of local government. Architecture supports the celebration of collective rituals of movement and meeting. An archetype investigation formalises a set design criteria by which the design case study is evaluated against. The background research comprises a critique of the spatial arrangement of the traditional town hall. An additional background task is consisted of a comparative inquiry into today’s local government accommodation. The site is located in Tamaki Makaurau/Auckland City. The site analysis criteria utilised by this thesis is grounded in the research of Jan Gehl and his understanding of architectures impact on peoples’ behaviour in cities. Finally the design case study is driven by dynamic circulation, which establishes a celebration of the formal and informal interactions between the participants of local government. Transparency and hierarchy are used to challenge the spatial and functional qualities of Auckland City Council. The result of the research will contribute to the inclusive understanding of the ordinary rituals of local government through architecture in the city.

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The Role of Local Government in the Drive for Sustainable Development Public Policies. An Analytical Framework Based on Institutional Capacities

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13115978 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 5978

Author(s):

Miquel Salvador ◽

David Sancho

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Local Government ◽

Local Governments ◽

Public Policies ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

City Council ◽

Combat Climate Change

The role of local governments in promoting policies to combat climate change is critical. In order to play this role, local administrations must have different capacities that allow them to analyze, manage and transform their environment through public policies. This article aims to contribute to the academic debate on the role of local governments in the articulation of climate change policies and sustainable development. The proposal combines a conceptual and analytical contribution, which is illustrated by means of a case study analysis. At the conceptual and analytical level, the article proposes a review of the contributions from the perspective of public policies and organizational management models in order to introduce an analytical framework based on four capacities: strategic, analytical, managerial and collaborative. This framework is developed based on the design of a strategy to measure the existence of these capabilities in a given local government by means of specific indicators. This analytical framework is applied through a case study of Barcelona City Council and its policies to combat climate change and promote sustainable development. The results of the analysis highlight the importance of the combined action of the four management capacities mentioned as a precondition for the articulation of this type of policies at the local government level.

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Smart heritage in selected australian local government smart city policies

10.26686/wgtn.14838066 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Batchelor ◽

Marc Aurel Schnabel

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Smart City ◽

Local Governments ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Digital Economy ◽

City Council ◽

The Past ◽

Policy Frameworks ◽

High Level

Smart Heritage leverages the past to transform cities into smart cities. It bridges a theoretical framework between the existing smart cities and heritage discourses and can benefit both the smart and heritage of aspirations of cities. The recent increase in the preparation of smart city policies by local governments in Australia provides an opportunity to examine how the recent generation of smart city strategic documents implement Smart Heritage. This paper will investigate how three local government smart city policies in Australia; City Futures Strategy by Logan City Council, Lake Mac Smart City Smart Council: Digital Economy Strategy 2016-2020 by Lake Macquarie City Council, and Smart, Connected Brisbane by Brisbane City Council; implement Smart Heritage. It will also briefly discuss the areas in the policies where further implementation of Smart Heritage can support the smart city ambitions of the cities. The main findings are the policies subtly implement Smart Heritage, and it is most present in high-level definitions and objectives. There is a need to develop Smart Heritage lower-level provisions and initiatives as there is a lack of these across the policies. Nevertheless, there is ample theoretical overlap between Smart Heritage and the policies to further implement Smart Heritage within the existing policy frameworks.

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Smart heritage in selected australian local government smart city policies

10.26686/wgtn.14838066.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Batchelor ◽

Marc Aurel Schnabel

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Smart City ◽

Local Governments ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Digital Economy ◽

City Council ◽

The Past ◽

Policy Frameworks ◽

High Level

Smart Heritage leverages the past to transform cities into smart cities. It bridges a theoretical framework between the existing smart cities and heritage discourses and can benefit both the smart and heritage of aspirations of cities. The recent increase in the preparation of smart city policies by local governments in Australia provides an opportunity to examine how the recent generation of smart city strategic documents implement Smart Heritage. This paper will investigate how three local government smart city policies in Australia; City Futures Strategy by Logan City Council, Lake Mac Smart City Smart Council: Digital Economy Strategy 2016-2020 by Lake Macquarie City Council, and Smart, Connected Brisbane by Brisbane City Council; implement Smart Heritage. It will also briefly discuss the areas in the policies where further implementation of Smart Heritage can support the smart city ambitions of the cities. The main findings are the policies subtly implement Smart Heritage, and it is most present in high-level definitions and objectives. There is a need to develop Smart Heritage lower-level provisions and initiatives as there is a lack of these across the policies. Nevertheless, there is ample theoretical overlap between Smart Heritage and the policies to further implement Smart Heritage within the existing policy frameworks.

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Interdisciplinary Relationships, Influence, and Aspirations for Smart Heritage in Local Government

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage3040078 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 1402-1415

Author(s):

David Batchelor ◽

Marc Aurel Schnabel

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Service Delivery ◽

Smart City ◽

Local Governments ◽

Academic Research ◽

The Novel ◽

Working Relationship ◽

Single Discipline ◽

Interdisciplinary Relationships ◽

Heritage Discourse

Local governments are responding to rising complexities in service delivery, governance, and civic stewardship with novel interdisciplinary discourses that converge previously separate disciplines. Smart Heritage, the novel convergence of smart city and heritage disciplines, is one interdisciplinary discourse that local governments utilise to address these demands. To successfully deliver Smart Heritage, local governments must understand how the interdisciplinary relationships, influence, and aspirations function within their organisation. However, due to the novelty of Smart Heritage, no academic research exists on these matters, particularly within local government contexts. Therefore, this article reports how relationships, influence, and strategic aspirations between the smart city and heritage discipline intersect as Smart Heritage. It draws on interviews with smart city and heritage advisors from three local governments in Australia. It finds a case-by-case working relationship between the disciplines, which indicates an emergent-yet-tenuous Smart Heritage discourse. Moreover, the interdisciplinary relationships influence broader considerations from the advisors than their single discipline. These considerations produce innovative aspirations for local governments on heritage and smart city matters. This finding establishes the first foundational understanding of Smart Heritage within local government.

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Running for the City Council: a Case Study

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1950518 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 1235-1241

Author(s):

Arthur W. Bromage

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Municipal Government ◽

State Legislature ◽

The State ◽

City Council ◽

Federal Level ◽

The City ◽

The Prestige

“So you want to be a politician,” my friend said, with a slight lift to the eyebrows. Others wanted to know what the goal was. Running for alderman in ward politics and a partisan campaign must be a training ground for some coveted objective in the state legislature or Congress. You don't just want to be an alderman, some queried. “Starting pretty low down,” was another leading remark. All these and many more comments intrigued me, for they spelled out something or other about the prestige of local government in a day of Big Government at the federal level, or any level other than a municipality of 40,000 population. My answer to all this was that, after twenty years of residence in one community, a professor of municipal government could hardly avoid grubbing around in politics at the level of local self-government. I hoped to become an alderman—period.I soon learned to parry the pleasant “hazing” remarks made to all prospective ward “politicians.” “Kissed any babies today, Alderman?” “Where are the cigars?” “How's ward-heeling today?” “I'll vote for you, if—.” “How is door-bell ringing?” Most of these remarks prompted the unspoken remark: “When you say those words, sir, smile.” You will notice that I said unspoken.

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SenCity – Evaluating Users’ Experiences of Intelligent Lighting for Well-Being in Smart Cities

Light & Engineering ◽

10.33383/2018-007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 60-67

Author(s):

Henrika Pihlajaniemi ◽

Anna Luusua ◽

Eveliina Juntunen

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Well Being ◽

Evaluation Methods ◽

Data Analyses ◽

Sense Of Security ◽

System Data

This paper presents the evaluation of usersХ experiences in three intelligent lighting pilots in Finland. Two of the case studies are related to the use of intelligent lighting in different kinds of traffic areas, having emphasis on aspects of visibility, traffic and movement safety, and sense of security. The last case study presents a more complex view to the experience of intelligent lighting in smart city contexts. The evaluation methods, tailored to each pilot context, include questionnaires, an urban dashboard, in-situ interviews and observations, evaluation probes, and system data analyses. The applicability of the selected and tested methods is discussed reflecting the process and achieved results.

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